Federal Indian Policy Essay Example for Free

Federal Indian Policy EssayWhen the newly founded unify States of America gained its indep wipeoutence from Britain, they were faced with many new challenges. One of their biggest challenges was establishing and building upon their declare domain that Britain had transferred at the Peace Treaty of 1783. 1 Of course, this land was still inhabited by Indian peoples. The get together States knew that territorial reserve expansion was inevitable and to the Indians, this meant war. creek chief Hallowing King said, Our lands are our life and breath. If we dismantle with them, we part with our blood. 2 This turned out to be a constant changing battle for territorial dominance and an era of changing federal Indian policy. The new America followed British ideas and created an Indian Department. This department established many rules for the sale and transfer of Indian lands with the hope of regulating the advancement of the western frontier. 3 In 1790, social intercourse enacted the Indian Trade and Intercourse Act. 4 Backed by President uppercase and the Indian Department, this act stipulated that Congress would regulate all trade, interaction and even out intercourse with all Native Americans.5 Congress regulated this Act by issuing licenses to approved individuals. Failure to obey this law led to apprehension and a trail in court. 6 However, many American famers ignored this cock and would steal Indians to use as slaves. Naturally, the Indians fought back which led to bloody encounters. As Americans continued to ease westward, many battles and treaties began to emerge. The Battle of Fallen Timbers was one of the much hot encounters. The Western Lakes Confederacy which consisted of several numerous tribes had achieved major victories in the past. It was President Washingtons goal to put their victories to an end.7 The Americans out-numbered the Indians and destroyed many villages in the region. This battle led to the form of many treaties like the Treat y of Greenville in 1795. This ended the Northwest Indian War which the Battle of Fallen Timbers was a part of. In exchange of goods valued at $20,000, the Indians turned over large parts of the modern-day area of Ohio. 8 This was a tremendous victory for the United States and it certainly gave them the momentum in establishing Indian policy and in the race for territorial expansion. However, the fight and establishment for federal Indian policy did not end in the Ohio Valley.The United States began to realize that the Indians and Americans would not be able to co-exist in the same eastern territory. President Thomas Jefferson began implementing the policy of removing Indians from their eastern homelands. The government fixed they could go about this a few different ways. They could try to destroy the Indian peoples, assimilate them to American society, protect them on their ancestral lands or use up them to more distant, western lands. 9 It was Jeffersons plan to use the process o f dispossession with minimal government.This plan involved allowing American settlements to slowly border the Indians, both allowing them to become civilized Americans or letting them flee beyond the multiple sclerosis with the hopes of establishing multiple treaties. 10 Well, that is exactly what happened. This strategy to acquire Indian lands resulted in roughly thirty treaties with several tribes and the cession of 200,000 square miles of Indian territory. 11 This Jeffersonian policy proved to be very effective for the young United States. The more conservative removal policies of the American government took a halt when Andrew Jackson was elected President in 1828.Jackson was a famous Indian attack aircraft who was often referred to as very vocal on his Indian views. He regarded the Indians as inferior and even referred to them as savages that must be removed. 12 Jacksons native approach upset many natives and led to the Cherokee resistance. The Cherokees were confined to th e secernate of Georgia where they decided to reconstruct their tribal government. They created a constitution, established a language, had bountiful resources and even created a newspaper. However, this only increased the pressure for their American neighbors to take control of this Cherokee territory.The state of Georgia called upon Congress to begin negotiations with the Cherokees so they could leave their land. In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act allowing the president to negotiate treaties of removal with all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi. One year later, the Cherokee Nation brought a suit against the state of Georgia. The Supreme Court ruled in the case of Worcester v. Georgia that the Cherokee Nation was a distinct community, occupying its own territory where the laws of Georgia can have no force. 13 Georgia ignored this ruling and continued violating the Cherokee region.Faced with destruction or removal, the Cherokees signed the Treaty of New Echota, wher e they agreed to relocate west of the Mississippi River. 14 This relocation devastated the Cherokee Nations emotions and is known as the Trail of Tears in 1835. As you can see, the United States of America was faced with a very difficult dilemma in having to force federal Indian policies to maintain the control of the eastern frontier. Although much blood was shed over the policies betwixt Washingtons and Jacksons administrations, much more blood could have been shed and treaties could have never formed.This could have possibly changed the face of the United States as we know it today. Notes 1. Calloway, Colin G, First Peoples A Documentary Survey of American Indian History, Bedford/St Martins, New York, 3rd Ed, 2008, 219. 2. Calloway, 218. 3. Calloway, 219. 4. Prucha, P. Francis. Federal Indian Policy. whitethorn 2 2005. http//www. alaskool. org/native_ed/ historicdocs/use_of_english/ prucha. htm (accessed May 29, 2009), 2. 5. Prucha, 2. 6. Prucha, 2. 7. Prucha, 3. 8. Calloway, 23 0. 9. Calloway, 229. 10. Calloway, 230. 11. Calloway, 228. 12. Calloway, 231.13. Seal, David. The Trail of Tears. Oct 19 1994. http//ngeorgia. com/history/nghisttt. html (accessed May 29, 2009), 1. 14. Seal, 1. Bibliography Calloway, Colin G, First Peoples A Documentary Survey of American Indian History, Bedford/St Martins, New York, 3rd Ed, 2008. Prucha, P. Francis. Federal Indian Policy May 2 2005. http//www. alaskool. org/native_ed/ historicdocs/use_of_english/ prucha. htm (accessed May 29, 2009). Seal, David. The Trail of Tears. Oct 19 1994. http//ngeorgia. com/history/nghisttt. html (accessed May 29, 2009).

Health and Social Care Level 3 Essay Example for Free

Health and Social Care Level 3 EssayObjectivesAll learners should be fit to define basis of discrimination. All learners should be able to explain basis of discrimination Most learners should be able to demonstrate discriminatory practice just about learners should be able to describe effects of discriminatory practice.Basis of discriminatoryCultureA persons culture is important to them and identifies who they are in the world. In health and social interest profession, respecting a persons culture is important for all concerned. It also important to health and social care professionals because they see the benefits of their care value base which underlines respecting and individuals cultureDisabilityIn health and social care you will work or support people with various disability. This disability Act status it unlawful to discriminate against someone has disability. Are covered include employment, access to goods, facilities and services of organisation, genteelness etc.AgeA ge discrimination happens when someone is treated unfavourably because of their age without justification or harassed because of their age. Controversies regarding dispensing of expensive drugs to older people because of shorter sprightliness expectancy. Denying a person a drug is illegal.Social classOur social class is apparent from where we live. The higher the class the better place is kept and maintained. The scurvy are more likely to get cancer than the rich and their chances of survival are poor. Human rightsemphasises that everyone should be treated equally and with dignity no proposition of their circumstances.GenderA person cannot be discriminated because of their gender. Health and social service should not discriminate unfairly due to a persons gender. compare rights of access, health and social care rights must be adhered to.SexualitySexual orientation can be referring to a person who is attracted to another person of the homogeneous sex. E.g. gay and lesbian. Discri mination against someone due to their sexual orientations against the law.Health statusTaking into account the cost of treatment and the expected quality of life subsequently treatment and overall life expectancy, people taking these decisions should always keep their own assumptions and prejudices.Family statusThis is lead to a variety of discriminations against gay/lesbian parents, virtuoso parents, parents of different genders, parents from different race with mix race children and other family grouping

Gel electrophoresis Essay Example for Free

Gel electrophoresis EssayThe explosion of molecular biology techniques that began in the mid-1970s (and continues today) has provided tools to picture the physical structure of DNA, its nucleotide sequence and how genes atomic number 18 read and regulated. One key tool is the ability to visualize DNA molecules and determine their length by using a technique called mousse electrophoresis. Introduction to gel electrophoresisIn gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments move through a porous ground substance made of agarose, a gelatin-like substance purified from seaweed. The agarose is melted like Jell-O and then poured into a plastic tray to harden into a slab called a gel. A plastic plunder inserted at one end while the gel is hardening forms wells where DNA adjudicates can be placed. The DNA is mixed with a loading fender that contains glycerolthis makes it heavier than water, so it will sink to the bottom of the well. The gel is then covered with a buffer solution that can carry electric current, and electrodes are placed at each end of the gel and connected to a power supply. Because DNA is negatively supercharged (each nucleotide has a negatively charged phosphate attached to it), it will move toward the positive electrode.Larger molecules move through the agarose more slowly, while smaller onescan slip through the pores faster. So, the fragments fart up arranged in order according to size, with the smaller ones having moved farther toward the positive pole. Figure 47 shows an example. Because the DNA is invisible, the loading buf fer also contains ii dy e s bromophenol blue (a small color molecule that behaves like a DNA fragment about 600 bases long) and xylene cyanol (a larger dye that acts like a DNA fragment of about 4000 bases). These dyes form lines that give you an idea of how far your DNA has moved. Some loading buffers also have a third dye, behaving like a very small DNA molecule (50 bases or so).As the DNA migrates, the different fragmen ts will form dress circles each band is composed of many identical copies of a particular-size piece of DNA (you cant do gel electrophoresis with one DNA molecule you invite millions or billions of identical molecules). The last step is to make the DNA bands visible, using a fluorescent molecule that inserts between the bases in the DNA helix. We use a commercial loading buffer called EZ-Vision which includes the fluorescent molecule, so the gel is already stained when its done running. Another method is to soak the gel in ethidium bromide after running it. Either way, the bands can be seen using ultraviolet light and photographed to make a permanent record.Sample preparationOf course, gel electrophoresis requires some kind of DNA samplea plasmid, a PCR product, a segment of a chromosome, etc. If the molecule is circular, enzymes are used to undercut the DNA (see the section on restriction digestion, page 87), because circular molecules can be either tightly or loosely coiled and dont wind up at the same place on a gel as a linear molecule of the same size. Whatever your sample is, it must be mixed with loading buffer (containing glycerol and dyes, as described above) before electrophoresis. Add a volume of loading buffer meet to 1/5 the volume of your sample and mix it well before loa