Law Enforcement Today free essay sample

One of the many issues that Police Departments face today is trust, a lot Of communities have lost faith in the police department due to the immunity feeling as though they use excessive force, without assessing the situation before exerting lethal force. The fact that there has not been justice for a lot of police shootings and killings has had the communities in an uproar. Leaving a lot of the people of the communities not knowing if law- enforcement is on their side or not. Law-enforcement agencies jobs are to make sure that everyone is safe from any threat and harm.One way that local, state, and federal law-enforcement agencies in sure that safety is by interacting with the United States Department of Homeland Security known as DASH. DASH mission is to strengthen preparedness on the national level with resilience against potential incidents, whether it be chemical, cyber like the attacks from North Korea recently or terrorist attacks. We will write a custom essay sample on Law Enforcement Today or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Department of Homeland Security is an agency that should have Intel on any situation before it is to occur. DASH should also have ways of combating it when these threats shell arise.The only way that DASH can do their job and do it efficiently is if all awe-enforcement agencies come together to stand in the system. For example a lot of the drugs that are sold in the Ignited States come from outside of the united States, so the issue is bigger than just local police. The local police need to inform DASH so that they can combat the war on drugs. If the local police do not inform DASH of their findings there is no way that they would be able to handle the drugs being distributed through the street.Local police have jurisdiction which prohibits them from being able to go further than hat they are allowed. Of course they can let the federal agents know what is going on, but on a national scale the Department of Homeland Security can get more done. DASH need help from state, local and federal agencies to strengthen that barrier between Intel and attacks. There must be a strong trust between the agencies so that they build a bond and are able to share information amongst each other. Information that is shared between the agencies should be quick and efficient as possible in order to ensure the security of the United States. Any information that pertains to the safety of the United States should be provided to DASH so that they can investigate and act accordingly, to ensure the protection of all citizens in this country. I believe that the relationship between the law-enforcement agencies can be strengthened simply by making sure that they have a dedicated mine of communication. Maybe a database that is checked on a daily basis so that everyone is in the loop.Anything pertaining to a breach of security weather small, big or even something that may have been a prank should be sent over o DASH for further investigation. The main divide between the agencies Phil is, and will always be trust. Each agency is responsible for their part, but I do know that agencies do not want to feel as though they cannot handle issues alone. They may not want another agency to move in on them, which will make them feel like they cannot handle the job. Which can be an issue in itself if the agencies have an ego about allowing other agencies to help them with problems that they may have. Live that there should be some type f morale between all agencies so that they can band together and combat the world terrorism combo cyber-attacks that we are now facing today, and issues that we may be facing on the streets on a national level. I know that that is in a perfect world but if they can find ways to make it better it would definitely lead to a better world. Believe that there is now like a liaison between all agencies, but I know that if everyone was on the same page and knew exactly the information that was conveyed to the next party they would feel more comfortable with trusting the other agency. Law Enforcement Today free essay sample As one may correctly assume, law enforcement agencies face multiple issues in todays society. There are many stresses in police work. Much of the stress associated with police work comes from recruiting and retaining police officers. One of the chief stresses of recruitment and retention flows from the nature of our diverse societies. Both the U S. And Canada have significant ethnic populations living within their borders. In areas of each country with non-English speaking molesters, police departments stress the importance of having officers that have the ability to investigate a crime or deal with a victim in his or her native language.Further, it is a complex task to recruit police officers for diverse communities who are not only qualified, but also bring with them an awareness or connection with the community. Therefore, stress is high in departments that service significant non-native speaking populations. But as much as recruitment is an issue, so is retention of minority officers. We will write a custom essay sample on Law Enforcement Today or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As the U. S. And Canada are majority Caucasian countries, the retention of police minority officers Is crucial. However, It isnt easy.As recently as twenty to thirty years ago, the majority of recruits to police agencies looked to make police work a career. Now, younger recruits largely do not stay In the police force for a full thirty year career. More and more, new recruits stay In police work for five to ten years on average and then move to other Jobs In the private sector. Clearly, retaining minority officers to police their ethnically diverse neighborhoods become even more of a stress to departments as fewer and fewer officers stay on the job.Almost as important as recruiting and retention are to police departments is the promotion process. Many factors determine the promotion of minority officers, such as size and influence of the local minority population, minority group political and organizational representation, affirmative action policies, slack resources, and the presence of multiple minority groups. Very often, a department will seek to promote minority officers more quickly than their white counterparts. This causes stress and friction between the competing ethnicities within the department.Another significant tresses present In police departments Is the specter of prejudice and racism. As far as our country has come In race relations over the years, racism and prejudice still exists. A police department is no different, being a microcosm of the greater population it serves. These irrational beliefs bring stress into the police station. Police officers become inculcated with these irrational beliefs through a life-long process by society, culture, racial or ethnic groups, family, friends, or peer groups. Often, the indoctrination into racism or prejudice comes from multiple sources.Not only do the individual attitudes of racism and prejudice cause stress within the police department. Changing these attitudes is also stressful. As we can see, recruiting efforts, prejudice, promotions, and retention of minority officers are issues that police agencies face. Very often, the alms and goals of one ethnic group directly compete and take precedence over another, very often through conscious policy. Departments need to be aware of this and seek effective ways to relieve or lessen the effects of stress of all those affected. A key element for the U. S.Department of Homeland Security is to share information with several different agencies consisting partnership among federal, state, and local agencies to ensure national security. The DASH and DOC provide more than a dozen homeland security related information sharing systems. Since the 9/1 1 attacks there is a need for better information sharing, between, law enforcement, emergency management, and intelligence agencies. Law enforcement who utilize the homeland security information system on a regular basis, tend to be more aware of potential threats versus those who do not access the information system at all.The efforts to fight the war on terrorism need to be more coordinated. Many police departments are not staffed with officers that possess the training or knowledge that would help in the fight against terrorism. The federal government needs to step in and assist in the development of the local agencies. Police agencies need to be able to respond to attacks and cannot do so without the proper training. That being said police departments need to have long term goals in mind when recruiting officers with the right skills that will assist with mom land security duties. Law Enforcement Today free essay sample Today university of Phoenix soon-queen Gerbils The individuals that work in the field of law enforcement today are presented with issues and concerns unlike any faced by those of the past. The changing face of crimes and criminal activity In this country and around the world are at the root of many of these challenges. In this country, the most significant Issue Is the shift to a more multicultural society. There are also concerns regarding police corruption, use of deadly force, racial profiling and the Job hazards of policing in an increasingly dangerous world.The way police agencies enforce the laws and work to provide a safe environment to those they serve has perhaps never been more complex than it is today. The new threat of terrorism only exacerbates the Issues and adds a new element to an already difficult situation for law enforcement officials In America. The United States today is full of citizens from a number of different ethnic backgrounds and different religious and cultural beliefs. We will write a custom essay sample on Law Enforcement Today or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In any field where your Job is to provide a service to the public, it is important to have a basic understanding of the people you serve.The same Is true for those who work in law enforcement, but because of the nature of their duties, it Is an Issue for serious concern. The multicultural shift in America means that there Is more representation of various minority groups, all of whom have differing historic relations with those in law enforcement, and often times an unfavorable one. Whether these groups are newly represented in American society or have been part of the society for generations, most often there is a history of unfair or unequal treatment under the law that is difficult for parties on both sides of the issue to overcome.This lies at the core of the problems with police-community relations (PC). In order to serve the public to the best of their abilities, those whove taken the oath to do so need Involvement from the community they represent, a community that seems to be ever changing. The idea of providing new training and policies to address the concerns of the sworn officers, and the public at large, In regards to ethnic understanding Is growing. Many officials In the position of management have adopted training procedures to help address the concerns of both the officers they employ and the general public they river.The importance of this cant be underestimated. Policing in America today has grown to be a global issue with the spread of terrori sm. Law enforcement agencies on the local, state and federal level have a new reliance on one another in the fight against terrorist activity and having an understanding of the changing culture around them Is vital at all levels. Never before, in the history of law enforcement In this country, has there been such a comprehensive collaboration between the three The world as we know it changed on September 1 1, 2001 and that change is still occurring today.Anti-terrorism efforts are no longer limited to agencies on the federal level. In the wake of 9/1 1, the federal government formed the Homeland Security Agency whose prime objective is to protect the country from possible terrorist acts. The process of gathering intelligence regarding terrorism is global. British intelligence relies on shared intelligence from the U. S. And vice versa. It therefore only makes sense to include state and local authorities as well. Over recent years, officials have taken a more proactive approach on these levels by providing nit-terrorism training to local and state law enforcement officers.The officials in the department of Homeland Security now work more closely with state and local departments in anti-terrorism initiatives because they realized that in most instances, these departments are the first line of defense. The changes in the NYPD following the 9/1 1 attacks signaled the beginning of a national network of law enforcement agencies working together in the fight against terrorism. In response to this new domestic threat, training programs have been implemented o educate officers on the state and local levels on how to help prevent attacks from terrorists.But another important element of the fight is how to respond should an attack occur. The local and state authorities must have the knowledge required to help stabilize the community after an attack. Their efforts also entail coordinating evacuations and providing initial emergency medical care. The anti-terrorism initiatives have also become part of a how a law officer goes about performing his or her daily tasks. Many agencies assign officers to patrol possible targets such as important landmarks, transportation systems such as trains and ports of entry, and also nuclear power plants.An increased police presence is visible at places where large crowds gather for public events like sporting events, parades and public speeches. Any intelligence the local agency obtains is shared with officials in Homeland Security, and any intelligence Homeland Security gains with respect to a specific municipality, it is shared with that police department as well. Today, the face of the criminal and the activities in which they engage has changed. So too has the procedures, practices and policies of the various law enforcement agencies around the country changed. Law Enforcement Today free essay sample As well as, give suggestions for how the relationship between DASH and police departments may be improved. There may not be the right answer to fixing the issues of law enforcement agencies, but understanding what the issues are will be the first step. Helping flex the issues in the systems and between the levels of the law enforcement agencies will help the criminal Justice system grow stronger. According to Schmeltzer (2011) the issues facing police departments in todays are corruption, on-the-job dangers, and the use of deadly force derive from the very nature of police work (p. 66). Some of the Issues are because of the risk officers take to serve and protect our communities, unfortunately there are Issues that officers take on their own. When an office choices not to do their Job with honor they may choice corruption. The abuse of police authority for personal or organizational gain (Schmeltzer. 2011 Corruption affects the entire community, the police department, and every police department worldwide. We will write a custom essay sample on Law Enforcement Today or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Part of our current problems stem from the level of drugs, the new drugs that are being produced, along with the gangs and guns in our cities.Other issues that officers face are issues that some may say come with the job. On-the-Job dangers, the use of deadly force, and derive from the very nature of police work can be very dangerous. Officers put themselves on the front line every day and can be harmed by criminals who have no concern for others lives. Working in the line of duty can also put officer in harms way by risk of disease and Infected evidence and stress and fatigue. With the training and always staying aware of the officers environment, they can help to protect themselves.Each member of the law enforcement Is grouped In a level, with these levels working together Issues can be addressed. When there is good communication and work together more can be do against crime. Our local and county police in todays society role is to serve and protect the citizens in the communities. Our state police are responsible for their gaming commissioning, wildlife protection, and political corruption. Federal law enforcement focus on the larger issues such as immigration, drugs and human trafficking, and gun smuggling. The U. S. Apartment of Homeland Security (DASH) is an agency through the federal government.Our local, state, and federal state law enforcement agencies are working together to assist in the prevention of crime with terrorist. As part of its commitment to hometown security, DASH has worked to get tools, information, and resources out of Washington, D. C. And Into the hands of our federal, state, local, tribal and territorial law enforcement partners (Homeland Security, 2014). Our text says, In todays post-9/11 world, local police departments play an especially Important role In espousing to the challenges of terrorism (Schmeltzer, 201 1 According to be paramount in any national, state, or local security strategy.For too long, federal strategies have minimized the importance of prevention, focusing instead on response and recovery (p. 198). With the local, state, and federal law enforcement working with the Department of Homeland Security there has been progression in the prevention against terrorist. To keep all the levels and departments of law enforcement working together will not only help with terrorist but with all crime that s committed in the United States. There are a couple of suggestions for improving the relationships between the U. S. Department of Homeland Security and police departments. There should be agents from DASH that come to higher terrorist rate areas to interact with the police department helping inform them. They can also get more information being there instead of reading reports. This should also go vice versa, members from the police department should spend time at the DASH offices to get a better understanding of how it is ran and how they can help.As the times hang in the world today the law enforcement agencies have to change with it to stay ahead of criminals. Working on the issues and doing the best they can to overcome them and to learn the safest ways to work with them can only improve the officers. There are many different types of crimes out there and different agencies need to work together, Just like how they support the DASH on terrorist. Moving agents or officers around to experience and learn new techniques or strategies can only help to improve what the criminal Justice system does for America.

5 Ways to Chart Display Your Family Tree

5 Ways to Chart Display Your Family Tree While tracing your ancestry back as far as possible is fun, its even better when you can present the findings in a handsome family tree chart. From hand-drawn genealogy charts to computer-generated ancestor trees, there are many different ways to chart and display your family history. Create It Yourself If you want to create something personal and your family is fairly small, consider creating your own family tree. You can draw the basic connections in a line-and-box format, or get more creative by embellishing with vines, flowers, etc. You can also display the family in an actual tree format, using the roots for descendants and leaves (or apples) for the ancestors. Cant draw a straight line? Try  a flowchart or diagramming program to create any chart you can imagine. Branch Out With Software While most genealogy software programs offer basic computer-generated family tree charts, you can get even better results by taking advantage of add-on programs. For example,  Legacy Charting Companion  expands the charting capabilities of the Legacy Family Tree program, allowing you to create and print a variety of ancestor, descendant, hourglass, fan and bowtie charts ranging in size from  8.5-by-11-inch  printouts to 9-foot displays.   Use a Chart Printing Service If you want a pretty family tree chart without having to deal with designing and printing, try one of the many Family Tree chart printing services that specialize in printing large family trees in both color and black and white. Some, such as Family Tree Illustration will custom design a chart for you, while others allow you to select from a number of different formats. Some require a family tree file in GEDCOM format, but some work from your own handwritten family tree. Perfect for family reunions and large frames, charts can usually be printed in large format. Pre-Printed Charts Make it Simple From basic pedigree charts to elaborate, rose-covered fan charts, pre-printed genealogy charts make it easy to display your family tree in style. A number of simpler family tree charts are available for free download online.  Other, more elaborate family tree charts are available for purchase from various vendors. Designer Family Trees If youre looking for something a little fancier, innumerable calligraphers and artists can render your family tree on vellum or parchment with hand-drawn letters and elaborate designs. For example, Marie Lynskey charges anywhere from $150 for a simple four-generation family tree lettered on parchment to more than $1500 for an illustrated family tree with numerous generations displayed on vellum. Park City, Utah-based artist Saundra Diehl turns dull family tree charts into a work of art, using watercolor and pen and ink to create a custom watercolor painting of your family tree on aged parchment.

Security and Loss Prevention Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Security and Loss Prevention - Assignment Example This would be through keeping their databases safe and ensuring that they are the only persons with the passwords or access to the most sensitive information. My plan of action would involve giving them maximum security and ensuring that no one else can access the data they have except them. I would buy for them modern machines which would detect automatically any person trying to access the information. I would implement my measures by ensuring that the organization or the company buys the machines with immediate effect. I would also take my managers for training on how to keep sensitive and confidential information that belongs to the company safe. I would ensure that the executives familiarize themselves with the systems. If the managers or the executives are unable to operate the systems, I would employ more staff to assist the and still ensure there is no fraud or loss in the company (Sennewald and Christman 2008). I would follow the formal procedures in creating the loss prevention education workshop for the corporate executives. I would ensure that all the executives attend the workshop and even the other staff in the superior levels should attend. I would ensure that the topics taught in the workshop are related to the topic and they fully cover the topic of loss prevention. I would relieve the executives their duties for the days they would spend in the workshop their formal duties. I would also ensure that the workshop have objectives which should met by the end of the training. I would also involve the executives of the corporation in the creating of the loss prevention plan. I would use the following mechanisms to ensure that the lessons being learnt in the workshop work toward loss prevention. One I would be monitoring the executives on weekly basis to ensure that they apply the mechanisms taught. I would also correct information on regular basis from the executives on the

Niccolo Machiavelli and the Modern World Research Paper

Niccolo Machiavelli and the Modern World - Research Paper Example In the eighteenth century, his writings were used to inspire a belief in the inevitability of radical change among revolutionaries (Baker 204-207). Following this revolutionary trend, Leon Trotsky said that Machiavelli was the political philosopher who generalized "the experience of democratic revolutions" (Trotsky 850). This image persists today: Roger Boesche argues that Machiavelli was "the greatest theorist of how popular government can defeat tyranny" (Boesche 165). In 1513, he wrote his best-known work, The Prince, which has become one of the most influential books ever written in modern political philosophy. Benedetto Fontana asserts that Machiavelli's new prince "was to have forged a political and cultural alliance with the people, and thus initiate a ‘rinnovazione’ [renewal] aiming at a new Italian state" (Fontana 148). It had a dramatic impact on modern political thought. The Prince In The Prince, Machiavelli offered practical leadership advice designed to keep a ruler in power, illustrating his ideas with practical, historical examples. He actively endorsed stratagems that would discourage mass discontent through the diversion of an opponent's energies; through such tactics, a leader could channel enemies' efforts elsewhere. In this way, a leader could create conditions in which it would be disadvantageous for his opponents to try to replace him. Machiavelli believed that a leader would occasionally be called upon to make use of force; however, he professed that force should only be exercised in response to dire circumstances. According to Machiavelli, a good leader would be able to walk away from evil means when they were no longer required. A leader would likewise benefit from respecting the need for his subjects' well being. In his discussion on the value of liberality, Machiavelli cautioned that a Prince should be liberal by maintaining the general welfare (86) Machiavelli realized that good fortune had a key relationship to restrain ed use of resources for the best overall effect. Leaders should be frugal, both in allocating resources to the military infrastructure that protects the state from external threat and in allocating funds to the political and economic infrastructure that promotes the welfare of the state. Once people understand that frugality is in their best interests, it will be linked to good fortune over the long term. The ability of a prince to act in his own best interests and the best interests of the people (even when, initially, they might not see his acts as desirable) requires that he not be governed exclusively by a rigid code of ethical standards. The ends, in some instances, could justify the means. Despite his overriding concern for the best interests of the ruler and the preservation of the state, Machiavelli professed that general ethical standards are desirable to maintain, when possible. Chapter 21 of The Prince deals entirely with the value of a ruler's positive reputation. Accord ing to Machiavelli, a prince needs to appear as a true friend and should show himself as a "lover of merit" by giving "preferment to the able" and honoring "those who excel in every art" (112-113). Although Machiavelli did not claim that such standards are required for success, he did laud ethical leadership as a general guideline. Machiavelli's innovation was that ethics were expendable. He outlined a series of circumstances and situations in which a leader might be forced to use violence to a degree that would be morally reprehensible in any normal

Old Life in Hangzhuo China and the Modern Life in New York City Essay

Old Life in Hangzhuo China and the Modern Life in New York City - Essay Example Similar to the modern day New York City, Huangzhuo is one of the most important cities in China in the 13th century. Huangzhuo is the capital of the Southern Song dynasty making it a major cultural and political center. The account of Marco Polo describes this city as "magnificent" and "beyond dispute the finest and the noblest in the world" (Yule 185). Being surrounded by bodies of water, the city is surrounded by twelve thousand bridges in order to facilitate travel to and from it. This physical structure is also present in the modern day New York even though the number of bridges is far smaller. The Staten Island is connected to Brooklyn by the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge (New York City). Being the capital of a dynasty, Huangzhuo has also been a seat of entertainment which is performed in what Marco Polo describes as "a rich, beautiful and spacious edifice, furnished in such style as to seem fit for a palace of an Emperor (Yule 186)" in one of the city's island. Within this structure, important celebrations and occasions are held. In the modern day New York City, this can be likened to the Coney Island which is one of the earliest amusement ground in the US, the Madison Square Garden, and the Broadway theatre district (New York City). The economic significance of the two cities is also comparable

Features of a Healthy Individual

Features of a Healthy Individual Part A is Read the Nutrition and Diet science box (provided in the attachment, page 21) summarize the main points in your own words (approximately 100 words). Part A The healthy diet can be subdivided into different functional components. There are those that comprise the major elements vital for the respiratory processes, such as carbohydrates and fats, and the proteins which are largely responsible for physical bodily maintenance. Carbohydrates provide the major energy elements with simple carbohydrates being easily assimilated into the blood stream and thereby into the respiratory pathway of the cell, and the complex carbohydrates being more resistant to digestive processes and thereby providing a longer term energy substrate. Fats also provide energy with unsaturated fats being a more healthy option than saturated ones. Vitamins and minerals are required in milligram quantities and facilitate vital specific metabolic processes in the body. Vitamins are categorised into water and fat soluble varieties Part B is using examples from Chapter 3, (provided in the attachment chapter 3 is on page 35) describe some psychological factors that are influences on the health of the individual (approximately 600 words.) Part B The health of an individual is the sum total of many disparate processes. Some of these processes can be influenced by the behaviour of the individual and this, in turn, is capable of being determined or modified by the beliefs, emotions and cognitive state of the individual as well as the environment. (Finlay L et al. 2005). Other factors are largely immutable such as the individual’s genetic make up which is determined at birth and despite recent advances in the field of gene therapy, is largely unchangeable. Personal choices are subject to many internal and external factors. If one considers alcohol as an illustrative example then clearly the level of alcohol intake of an individual is ultimately a matter of personal choice, but this can be influenced by belief systems which, in turn, can be modified by social pressures and other factors in the environment. Belief systems can be overridden or modified by compulsion or craving. A person may find that they drink alcohol when under social pressure such as being in a group when everyone else is drinking, but equally may not drink when they are alone. Alcohol has the added complicating effect that it directly affects a person’s state of mind (and therefore actions) in a variety of complex ways. It initially disinhibits a person but then, in higher doses, causes confusion and suppression of higher mental functions. Factors that were relevant in a sober state are not necessarily valid when significant amounts of alcohol have been drunk. A person may have the knowledge and belief that two drinks in an evening are sufficient for their perceived needs, but when they have had those two drinks, factors such as social pressure, a desire for tension release or relaxation, or perhaps a reduction of inhibitory thoughts, may culminate in an increased desire for more alcohol. This can be a vicious circle to the point where the toxic effects of alcohol become apparent . (Cheng A T A et al. 2004) There is a large body of evidence which details the effects of the misuse of alcohol on the body. Heart, liver and neurological problems are the commonest sequelae. The development of such complications may prove to be an additional factor in a person’s decision to change their lifestyle. The development of obvious heart or liver disease, which impacts on an individual’s quality of life, may prove to be a catalyst in modifying their drinking habits. Some individuals may have an â€Å"addictive personality†. While there is controversy about the actual definition of this trait, there seems little doubt that it exists. Such â€Å"addictive† people are far more likely to overindulge or persist in habitual or obsessive patterns of behaviour and drinking alcohol is an area where such patterns have been identified and observed. (Echeburua E et al. 2005) Genetic factors have been implicated (but not proved) in this addictive personality. Genetic factors have also been positively implicated in the variation of effect that alcohol has on the body. Some people appear to have greater tolerance to the effects of alcohol than others. This, in part, is due to genetically determined variations in the ability of their bodies to metabolise alcohol. (Wall T et al. 2003) These are some of psychological factors which seem to be generally accepted as being relevant in considerations of alcohol. There are clearly a great many other elements, as demonstrable risk factors include a higher risk of habituation in adolescents and adult men, particularly those with a family history of alcohol addiction, unemployment, marital problems, lower educational level certain ethnicities and cultural attachments. The exact causes of these associations is not clear and is likely to be a complex interaction of many factors, but most authorities agree that psychological factors are amongst the strongest influences on the desire to take alcohol. (Hawkins J D et al. 1997) References Cheng A T A, Gau S F, Chen T H H, Chang J C, Chang Y T (2004) A 4-Year Longitudinal Study on Risk Factors for Alcoholism. Arch Gen Psychiatry, February 1, 2004; 61( 2): 184 191. Echeburua E, Bravo De Medinar R, Aizpiri E (2005) ALCOHOLISM AND PERSONALITY DISORDERS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY. Alcohol and Alcoholism 2005 40 (4): 323 326 Finlay, L., Pearson, C. and Ram S. (2005) Understanding health, Milton Keynes, The Open University Hawkins J D, Graham J W, Maguin E, Abbott R, Hill K G, Catalano R F. (1997) Exploring the effects of age of alcohol use initiation and psychosocial risk factors on subsequent alcohol misuse. J Stud Alcohol. 1997; 58 : 280 290 Jung J (2001) The Psychology of Alcohol and Other Drugs. A Research Perspective. Alcohol and Alcoholism Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 98 99, 2003 Wall T L, Carr L G, Ehlers C L (2003) Protective Association of Genetic Variation in Alcohol Dehydrogenase With Alcohol Dependence. Am J Psychiatry 160 : 41 46, January 2003 ############################################################## 26.9.08 Word count 1,023 PDG

A Environmental Issue Website :: Internet Website Analysis Environment Essays

A Environmental Issue Website Environmental issues are a large concern in this day. So, I am here to tell you about a website that is geared to informing its readers about the environment in which we live in and why it is important. I am here to enlighten you about this website and ones associated to it, because I personally feel as if the environment is not an issue that people worry and think about quite as often as they should. I am hoping by informing my audience about this site, it will allow the reader to get more involved with the environment and topics which involve our environment. According to Envirolink, one of the most important stories right now is as follows: â€Å"The largest ice shelf in the Arctic, a solid feature for 3,000 years, has broken up, scientists in the United States and Canada said on Monday. Local warming of the climate is to blame, they said -- adding that they did not have the evidence needed to link the melting ice to the steady, planet-wide climate change known as global warming. Climate change has affected ocean temperature, salinity and flow patterns, which also influence the break-up of ice shelves in the Antarctic. "It's not just as simple as it gets x degrees warmer and the ice melts this much," Mueller said. Warmer temperatures weaken the ice, leaving it vulnerable to changed currents and other forces. This is due to the climate change, and if you are interested and want to read more go the Envirolink.† (Envirolink site) If you are interested and want to read more continue reading. You will find important information about Envirolink, and other similar websites such as Institute for Global Communications, and Wild North West. EnviroLink is a non-profit organization and is an online community that unites hundreds of organizations in more than 150 countries and volunteers around the world with millions of people. It is dedicated to providing easy to understand, up-to-date environmental information and news. At EnviroLink, they are committed to promoting a sustainable society by connecting individuals and organizations through communications technologies. They offer their technologies as tools, and solutions to our ecological challenges which lie within their connection to the Earth itself.

Analysis of “Ave Maria”

Bethany Thompson Professor Breese English 266 3 February 2009 Analysis of â€Å"Ave Maria† Frank O’Hara’s poem, â€Å"Ave Maria,† encourages overprotective mothers to let their children experience life. The poem begins with the command, â€Å"Mothers of America / let your kids go to the movies! † He proposes a series of rationales for following this advice, including the conditional love of children who â€Å"won’t hate you† if they are permitted to do what they want.The true reason behind this directive, however, is made clear in lines 13 – 16: â€Å"they may even be grateful to you / for their first sexual experience / which only cost you a quarter / and didn’t upset the peaceful home. † The idea that a parent could provide a child’s first sexual experience may be shocking to parents, but O’Hara’s poem implies that by allowing them this experience, you have readied them for adulthood. Also, t he image of sexuality being priced like popcorn, â€Å"a quarter†, is amusing; it’s the pleasures of adulthood at quite a bargain.O’Hara initially contrasts the â€Å"peaceful home† – a room, a yard, â€Å"mothers,† and â€Å"little tykes† – with the movie theatre, â€Å"embossed by silvery images. † He then contrasts the parents’ overprotective instruction with that of a â€Å"pleasant stranger† who offers the equivalent: â€Å"they will know where candy bars come from and gratuitous bags of popcorn as gratuitous as leaving the movie before it’s over with a pleasant stranger whose apartment is in the Heaven on Earth Bldg near the Williamsburg Bridge†These children will learn about adulthood through gaining sexual knowledge. O’Hara paints a win / win situation. If â€Å"nobody picks them up in the movies/ they won’t know the difference / and if somebody does it’ll be shee r gravy. † He suggests that if they don’t get their first sexual experience, they will at least have seen a movie, instead of staying in their room â€Å"hating you. †   O’Hara concludes his poetic admonition with a warning. He cautions mothers not to blame him if they don’t take his advice and their families fall apart.The connection between keeping kids home from the movies and families falling apart may seem far-fetched, but the movies are symbolizing all the things a child is forbidden to do. Too much restriction will push them away. The final image is that of children growing â€Å"old and blind in front of a TV set† watching the films they weren’t allowed to see when they were small. This gives the impression that no matter how much a mother tries to shelter her children, they will eventually do all the things that were forbidden them.There are several things that draw attention to the mothers, the first being the title of the poem. Perhaps it is an ironic statement on the imperfection of mothers in comparison to the â€Å"Holy Mother. † There are two lines that suggest the mothers might have ulterior motives for sending their children to the movies. Lines 3 and 4 suggest mothers â€Å"get them out of the house so they won’t know what / you’re up to,† which implies the mothers also have something to hide.These motives are not the main focus of the poem and are undisclosed by the author. We are left to guess what the mothers are really â€Å"up to. † In short, O’Hara recommends that parents let their children experience life on their own terms. Parents are told that preventing their children from making their own choices will cause resentment and leave the children fantasizing about the experiences they wish they had. A wise parent allows their children to grow into experienced adults by letting them to go out and explore, not coddling by them.

Human Resource Management(Ryanairs Motivation Problems)

Human Resource Management(Ryanairs Motivation Problems) Free Online Research Papers Section 1: Introduction Human Resource managers around the world rarely agree on the best way to motivate staff at work. However, the problems that can arise when staff is unmotivated ensure this will continue to occupy a great deal of management time and attention. In both Hospitality and Tourism sectors this is especially controversial, with the major problems of seasonality and low pay contributing to the mix. For this assignment I have been asked to examine contemporary views on motivation, identify a company currently addressing motivation problems at work and evaluate their efforts and to explore the relationship between the effective employment of appropriate recruitment and selection strategies and their impact on staff motivation. I have therefore have chosen Ryanair’s motivation problems and in this assignment the following can be found: Identifying Ryanair’s currently motivation problems at work and an evaluation of their effort, Ryanairs low salaries, recruitment methods used by Ryanair and the impact it has on staff motivation and more in depth discussions about how these motivation problems and how they can be solved. Section 2: Understanding of Human Resource Management and Motivation 2.1 What is Human Resource Management? Human resources management plays a key role which helps the success of the operations task in selecting, training and motivating the right kind of personnel for the organization (Ref: Woodruffe H, 1995) Humans are an organizations greatest assets; without them, everyday business functions could not be completed.† Human resource management is responsible for how people are treated in organizations. It is responsible for bringing people into the organization, helping them perform their work, compensating them for their labors, and solving problems that arise (Cherrington, 1995). There are seven management functions of a human resources department: staffing, performance appraisals, compensation and benefits, training and development, employee and labor relations, safety and health, and human resource research. 2.2 What is Motivation? Motivation is the individual, internal process that energizes, directs, and sustains behavior. It is a personal force that causes one to behave in a particular way .Most often, motivation is the term used to explain peoples behavior. Successful managers are said to be highly motivated. A team leader who avoids work is said to be unmotivated. Motivation is linked with morale; morale is the employees feeling toward the job, superiors, and the firm itself. High morale results mainly from the satisfaction of needs on the job or as a result of the job. High morale leads to dedication and loyalty as well as to the desire to do a job well. Low morale can lead to shoddy work, absenteeism, and high rates of turnover. Section 3: Contemporary views on motivation 3.1 Equity Theory. In this section four different contemporary views on motivation will be discussed these motivation theories can help managers understand how to motivate their staff. These four theories are equity theory, expectancy theory, reinforcement theory, and goal setting theory. These four theories are all different views on motivation each theory will be discussed in details below. Equity theory will be discussed first. The equity theory of motivation is based on the fact that people are motivated first to achieve and then to maintain a sense of equity. Equity refers to the distribution of rewards in direct equality to the contribution of each employee to the organization. Everyone needs not to receive the same rewards, but the rewards should be in accordance with individual contributions. According to the theory, the idea of equity is as follows: 1) First, a development of an input-to-outcome ratio. Inputs are the things that are contributed to the organization. Outcomes are the things we get from the organization, e.g. a hard working employee who gets well paid by his organization he works for. 2) Next, a comparison of this ratio is made with what we perceive as the input-to-outcome ratio for some other person, called the comparison other. 3) If the two ratios are roughly the same, you feel that the organization is treating you equitably and are motivated to leave things as they are. If our ratio is the lower of the two, you will feel under rewarded and are motivated to change things you may decrease your own inputs by not working so hard, leave the work situation or try to increase our total outcomes by asking for a raise in pay. This shows that the equity theory is most relevant to pay as an outcome. It is important for an organization to know how much work each employee produces and if they are well paid, it is certainly not fair if an employee who does not work hard gets paid a reasonable amount of money and an other employee who does work hard is underpaid, not only will this employee get unmotivated but it might lead to resignation from the company. 3.2 Expectancy Theory. Expectancy theory, developed by Victor Vroom is a very complex model of motivation that is based on a simple assumption. According to expectancy theory, motivation depends on how much we want something and on how likely we are to get it. A short scenario is given below to understand this model of motivation. Two airline sales reservations agents who are candidates for promotion to one sales reservations manager’s job. Bill has had a very good sales year and always gets good performance evaluations. But he is not sure he wants the job because it requires a great deal of travel, long working hours, and much stress and pressure. Susan wants the job as much as Bill, and she thinks she has a good chance of getting it. Her sales have improved this past year, and her evaluations are the best in the company. Expectancy theory would predict that Bill is not very motivated to seek the promotion. But Susan is very motivated to seek the promotion, because she wants it and thinks she can get it. Expectancy theory is complex because each action that is taken is likely to lead to several different outcomes, some that we may want and others that we may not want. For example, if people work hard and put in a lot of extra hours, several things may happen. They may get a pay raise, they may be promoted, they may gain valuable new job skills or it might have bad outcomes such as having less time to spend with their families and cut back on social life. Expectancy theory has several useful guidelines for managers. It suggests that managers must recognize the following: 1) Employees work for a variety of reasons. 2) These reasons, or expected outcomes, may change over time. 3) It is necessary to clearly show employees how they can attain the outcomes they desire. Basically the expectancy theory shows that getting promoted or getting a better job position could lead to outcomes the employees would not want. Getting better paid or promoted would not conclude that the employee will get motivated as we have seen in the above scenario where Bill has a good sales year and always gets good performance evaluations but he does not want the job because it requires long working hours and stress. Paula would be more suitable for the job because she is highly motivated and can probably deal with the requirements and the negative outcomes such as cutting back on social life. 3.3 Reinforcement Theory Reinforcement theory states that behavior that is rewarded is likely to be repeated, whereas behavior that has been punished is less likely to recur. Reinforcement is an action that follows directly from a particular behavior. Reinforcements can be used in a number of different ways: *A positive reinforcement strengthens desired behavior by providing a reward e.g. an customer service agent at the airport who took over her colleagues jobs because they were absent and dealt with all the issues at once, she could be rewarded for her hard work which might get her motivated to work harder and take up more tasks at once. *Punishment is an undesired consequence that follows from undesirable behavior e.g.a flight attendant who is rude to her customers might get punished or be given a warning, this way this behavior might not occur again. Reinforcement can work effectively but in general, positive reinforcement might be the most effective action because as it states behavior that is rewarded is likely to be repeated. Section 4.1: Identifying Ryanair’s currently motivation problems at work and an evaluation of their effort. Ryanairs is a ‘’no-frills’’ airline but it has a high turnover according to Shay Cody, the deputy general secretary of the Irish trade union Impact Ryanair has a very oppressive regime and they have extremely high staff turnover, particularly among junior pilots and cabin crew .Staff are expected to pay for their own uniforms, crew meals and training courses. It requires staff to pay as much as  £2,700 upfront for training. Many workers from the United Kingdom have left their jobs with Ryanair and as result the company is recruiting now contract labour from agencies as far away as the Baltic States and Poland. Pilots were recently told that in order to graduate from older planes to newer aircraft, they would have to pay for their own retraining. A cabin crew who works for Ryanair writes her experiences on a website where she says: ‘’Ryanair does not care about its cabin crew and just takes the most they possibly can squeeze out of us. After a twelve hour day without a break, I do not have the energy to be nice to passengers or check that my nail polish is still on. Come on Ryanair start valuing what we do because without us you could not fly4’’ The employees and especially the cabin crew of Ryanair tend to be not dealing nicely with passengers. The statement of the employee of Ryanair above explains us what the cause is, the employees themselves work hard and are undervalued and have to work many hours without a break this leaves them exhausted and stressed and makes it hard for them to deal nicely to passengers. Not only will there be a high turnover but also Ryanair might lose more customers over time because of the bad customer service of the unmotivated and tired employees. 4.2 Ryainair’s Low Salaries. It is clear that Ryanair cabin crews are not getting the wages they deserve for the hard work they put in. Long flight hours, little rest time, all of this deserves better pay and proper compensation. Staff in workplaces with a union and a collective agreement gets better pay and conditions, and better income. This is true for most full-service airlines as well as low-cost carriers. Easy jet for example has a collective agreement, and staff earns better. Ryanair might need an Union not only will the turnover decrease but also the companies reputation might get better, cheap flight tickets might not be enough in the long run to be successful as a no frill airline business. There are different no frills airlines and many of them do not suffer from such a dramatic high turnover as Ryanair does it certainly does not mean that operating as an inexpensive airline gives them the right to undervalue their employees. It is important for any company to understand that without their employees there is no business, every employee should be treated fair enough and should been given a working environment they can cope with. Working 12 hours without a break is inhuman; paying for training or uniforms is certainly not acceptable especially in a company where the employees are underpaid. As mentioned before in this assignment it explains that human resource management plays a key role in the success of the operations task in training and motivating the right kind of personnel for the organization, human resource management is responsible for how people are treated in an organization, helping them perform their work and solving problems that might arise. The question that here is: Is there a human resource management department in Ryanairs organization? If there is one than it does not seem that this department is of any help for the employees or for the organization itself. In overall it seems that there is no motivation from the employees because Ryainair does not seem to know how to motivate their own staff which leads to low morale because they are certainly not satisfied this again leads to poor work, absenteeism, and high rates of turnover. Section 5: Exploring the relationship between the effective employment of appropriate recruitment and selection strategies and their impact on staff motivation. 5.1 Staff Selection and Recruitment. Careful recruitment of the right kind of personnel is an important step, recruitment should be seen as a powerful tool in itself for enhancing and maintaining the organisation’s standing and image. For Ryanair in this case, it is necessary to know that their high turnover is affecting their reputation as an overall company, it might be easy for the time being to hire new employees every time an employee leaves the company possible but with time when more people leave Ryanair the reputation of the company and its image might get seriously affected and as a result it can get hard to employee new staff. There are certain steps a company has to go through to recruit new staff from vacancies to arranging interviews and train the new employees but most important that when these steps are taken and training and development follows after the recruitment process it can have a major positive affect on the company. 5.2 Recruitment Methods Used by Ryanair and the Impact It Has On Staff Motivation. Ryanair follows the normal procedure of recruiting new staff starting from advertising and vacancies to interviewing and testing and than training but it does fall out on the proper training and development some staff has to pay for their own training. They arrange interviews by sending out letters to successful applicants where the interview is held at a venue and everyone has to go through a test those who are successful are to be interviewed. The successful interviewers will than be recruited and trained by Ryanair. Training and development might be poor but it has to be understood by Ryanair that training opportunities provided by them can help create personal job satisfaction and help them retaining their personnel. It does not seem that Ryanair itself put much effort in the training procedure and therefore many employees get unmotivated provide poor work results, are rude to customers because they are stressed out and might not know how to deal properly with their tasks because the training has been poor and as a result to that they leave their jobs. Section 6: Conclusion Motivation is the essential tool to help reduce high turnover as this assignment has shown if it was for Ryanairs employees the main reason for the high turnover is the fact that they are not motivated enough and do not have a high morale. There are different theories that could be put in practice to solve this issue and to help the managers at this airline and learn the reasons for job dissatisfaction of their employees, their reasons for not performing well at their current job and what could help them do solve these problems. In overall different motivation theories could help Ryanair’s managers reduce staff turnover.The training staff selection and recruitment goes through the ordinary stages mainly all staff can only be recruited by applying through vacancies on their website or via job agencies, but staff has to pay for training upfront, this is a main concern as one of the most important tool to motivation is by training the employees and help them to develop their skilss. Section 7: Recommendations. For every company it is important to treat their staff properly because without them the company could not operate. Ryanair seems not to care about their reputation; the high turnover is a major issue and it should be decreased, applicants looking for a job in the future would not want to apply for Ryanair because of its bad reputation and image towards employees. The staff tends to be rude to customers and lacks in its customer service it does not matter that the tickets are inexpensive, competition in no frills airlines is playing a major role recently and will continue to become bigger. Customers therefore will fly with another airline with the same prices as Ryanair but with better customer service. This motivation problem that is Ryanair is currently addressing will have not only an impact on staff turnover but also on its image and maybe their profits in the future. The staff is underpaid and it would be a good idea if Ryanair would go with a union this will help the employees having to secure that there will be help if they might need it and the employees salary might increase. Training should be continuously to help them develop their skills at their jobs. Furthermore it is from major concern to address the reasons of the high turnover which are the fact that the employees have to pay for training, staff is not appreciated, work many hours with less break and are underpaid. In result of solving these issues the employees will be motivated, have higher morale and produce better work. Different solutions are there to help motivate their staff for example by giving them incentives such as rewards and bonuses or facilities to such as gym memberships this will help them feel appreciated and valued for the work they produce. As last not to forget customers will also be treated better which decreases the chance of losing the business and boosts up the reputation and image of Ryanair. References Books: Cooper, C., Fletcher J.,Gilbert D. Wanhill S.(1998) Tourism Principles and Practises, Second Edition, Addison Wesley Longman Singapore(Pte)Ltd, Singapore Woodruffe, H. (1995) Service Marketing, 1st Edition, Pitman Publishing, London Websites: answers.com/topic/human-resource-management paedpsych.jk.uni-linz.ac.at/INTERNET/arbeitsblaetterord/LERNTECHNIKORD/Motivation2.html guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,3604,1468517,00.html management-issues.com/2006/5/25/blog/ryanair-staff-bite-back.asp ryan-be-fair.org Research Papers on Human Resource Management(Ryanair’s Motivation Problems)The Project Managment Office SystemMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesThree Concepts of PsychodynamicIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andResearch Process Part OneEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Meteorologists Are Scientists Who Study the Weather

Meteorologists Are Scientists Who Study the Weather While most people know a meteorologist is a person who is trained in the atmospheric or weather sciences, many may not be aware that there is more to a meteorologists job than simply forecasting the weather. A meteorologist is a person who has received a specialized education to use scientific principles to explain, understand, observe, and forecast the earths atmospheric phenomena and how this affects the earth and life on the planet. Weathercasters, on the other hand, do not have specialized educational backgrounds and merely disseminate weather information and forecasts prepared by others. Although not many people do it, its rather easy to  become a meteorologist- all you need to do is earn a bachelors, masters, or even doctorate in meteorology or in atmospheric sciences. After completing a degree in the field, meteorologists can apply to work for science research centers, news stations, and a variety of other government jobs related to climatology. Jobs in the Field of Meteorology While meteorologists are well-known for issuing your forecasts, this is only one example of the jobs that they do- they also report on the weather, prepare weather warnings, study long-term weather patterns, and even teach others about meteorology as professors. Broadcast meteorologists  report the weather for television, which is a popular career choice as it is entry-level, which means you only need a Bachelors degree to do it (or sometimes, no degree at all); on the other hand, forecasters are responsible for preparing and issuing weather forecasts as well as watches and warnings, to the public. Climatologists  look at long-term weather patterns and data to help assess past climate and to predict future climate trends while research meteorologists include storm chasers and hurricane hunters and require a Masters degree or a Ph.D. Research meteorologists generally work for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the  National Weather Service  (NWS), or another government agency. Some meteorologists, like  forensic  or  consulting meteorologists, are hired for their expertise in the field to help other professionals. Forensic meteorologists investigate claims for insurance companies on past weather or research past weather conditions pertaining to court cases in a court of law while consulting meteorologists are hired on by retailers, film crews, large corporations, and other non-weather companies to provide weather guidance on a variety of projects. Still, other meteorologists are more specialized.  Incident Meteorologists work with firefighters and emergency management personnel by providing  onsite weather support during wildfires and other natural disasters while  tropical  meteorologists focus on tropical storms and hurricanes. Finally, those with a passion for meteorology and education can help to create future generations of meteorologists by becoming a meteorology teacher or professor. Salaries and Compensation Meteorologist salaries vary depending on position (entry level or experienced) and the employer (federal or private) but typically range from $31,000 to over $150,000 per year; most meteorologists working in the United States can expect to make $51,000 on average. Meteorologists in the United States are most often employed by either the National Weather Service, which offers between 31 to 65 thousand dollars per year; Rockwell Collins, which offers 64 to 129 thousand dollars per year; or the U.S. Air Force (USAF), which offers salaries of 43 to 68 thousand annually. There are  many reasons to become a meteorologist, but ultimately, decided to become a scientist who studies climate and the weather should come down to your passion for the field- if you love weather data, meteorology might be the ideal career choice for you.

Decorative Arts of Saudi Cultural Heritage Research Proposal

Decorative Arts of Saudi Cultural Heritage - Research Proposal Example The need for effectiveness in planning, space utilization as well as functional architectural design promoted the advancements of interior design. For instance, Majilis paintings have represented an aspect of interior design practiced by Saudi people from Asir province. The decorative arts embraced by interior designers of both residential and commercial specialties reveal the connection between the historic nomadic life and the art of interior design practiced by Saudi Arabians. There are two outstanding significances of the art of interior design among the people of Saudi Arabia and especially the Majilis of Asir province. As mentioned earlier, art was a very effective way of expressing a community’s lifestyle. The Majlis who were nomads expressed their way of living through the art of interior design and presented a great way to connect among themselves and give them an identity. The second significance of art among the Majilis of Asir province is that it was a great way of passing on their culture and traditions from one generation to another. All through the earlier centuries, the Majilis had built a heritage that incorporated their customs and values that united them together as a people. Each province in historic Saudi Arabia had its own form of art that was highly distinguishable from that of a different province. Basing on the quality of the paintings and interior design, one could tell how wealthy a family or a community was. It was a great way of giving identity to a community. In the present days, traditional art is at a risk of fading away as it lacks acceptance and much-needed appreciation among the present day and contemporary artist. This is especially so in the art of interior design. The art of interior design is a practice that dates back to the early historical period and has been carried forward by artists to the recent historic period.

The World of Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The World of Management - Research Paper Example At present, the demand of the management professionals are increasing gradually as an efficient manager is able to fulfill the objective of the company and increase the profit. In the globalized economy, when the economies of different country are connected to one another, the demand of a certified professional from an international organization is high. The professionals, who are certified from a professional organization, are able to handle the issues that arise in an organization in a proper manner. The areas of management include human resources, accounting, marketing, operations etc. Every department has some specific works to manage the company well overall. The managers of the operations department need to manage the resources available for them, for instance, labor and raw materials, and increase the profit of the company. The human resources mangers are responsible to manage the employees and make sure that they are motivated enough to do the job. Marketing managers have to make sure that the company is providing goods and services as per the customer requirement and the accounts department managers have to make sure that there is nothing false in the revelation of the financial information, which are used by the stakeholders of the company. The researcher has selected the area of business administration identify the history, job prospects and needed professional licenses in the field. Historical Overview of Business Administration Business administration means to manage the sources available to an organization effectively and optimally use the sources so that the organization can fulfill the objectives. During the 18th century, a Scottish philosopher Adam Smith has argued that in order to efficiently manage an organization, it needs to have specialized labor resources. He has also stated that some changes in the process can improve the productivity of the organization. If the specialized employees can be used in related places, they will get motivated , as well as the company would be benefited. During the 19th century, the classical economists provided the theoretical background about the processes of allocation of the resources, pricing and the production issues. In the 20th century, the organizations started to understand the importance of administration of business. They felt that an efficient leader could manage the subordinates very well. They can take out the best from the employees by motivating them. The universities have started the business schools where they provide the degree Master of Business Administration, also there were many personalities like Peter Drucker, who provided the theories of management. In this century, various processes invented by the researchers which can improve the efficiencies of the processes and increase the profit of the organizations like six sigma process, reengineering, various software development. During the period, business administration was divided into six different branches, namel y management information systems, marketing management, strategic management, financial management, operations management and human resource management. During the current 21st century, the administration process became more effective; for