Aviation Essay

Baker aviation-Rams take Flight George T. Baker Aviation School offers high school students a chance to explore possible opportunities with varies programs designed to enrich students with information and actual time in the field of aviation. Baker offers three main programs for students to enroll in. The Aircraft Maintenance Technician Program prepares students for the practice of Aircraft Mechanics.Those who complete the Airframe and Power plant Technician Program are qualified to take the Federal Aviation Administration written and the practice tests. The Airframe Technician Program is a two-year program designed to teach students a thorough study of aircraft structures and organization. Another two year program integrated within the Aircraft Maintenance Program is The Power plant Technician Program where students study power plant theories and maintenance of aircraft engines.Students enrolled in this program need a minimum of a 2. 0 GPA, perfect attendance, conduct, and effort. T he Electronics Technician program develops students for starter positions in electronics and avionics, and as a part of the class they also acquire knowledge of technical skills, academic skills, and experience needed to maintain a job. The course includes electronics and avionics. Program graduates of the three-year program receive an Electronic Technology program completion certificate.The last program offered by the George T. Baker Aviation School is the Aerospace Technology Program which provides students with actual knowledge and experience in a wide variety of careers in Aerospace Technology. Those interested in a career in Aircraft Mechanics have an opportunity to expand their horizon and gain real practical skill before embarking in the career they’ve dreamed of.

Rebellion of 1837

Dannicah S. Blk 2. 3 Rebellion of 1837 After learning about the rebellion of 1837 and constantly taking notes, I realized the rebellion was not successful in overturning the government but it did unite both Upper and Lower Canada together. This was able to take away any differences of the two cultures, English and French. The impact did not happen immediately as intended though. In fact it caused the government to get back at the reformers and concentrate more on their punishment such as transportation, hanging, flogging and deaths for the rebels, instead of working on fixing the colony.You can tell that Canada had a serious political problem that was in desperate need to be improved. When the Chateau Clique and the reformers squared off against each other, the British did nothing to ease tension. They appointed James Craig, an anti-French as governor just to arrest those who criticized the government and brought soldiers to intimidate the French. The French Canadians disapproved of the British democracy and found it very difficult to accept. There were numerous reasons why many French Canadians resented the government.Three important ones were because of how discriminative economically and politically the government was of their language and culture, how they were given unequal taxation, and for their lack in power over the government. Although, this all happened in Lower Canada. The rebellion in Upper Canada was to bring an American style democracy because they, as well as the people in Lower Canada, believed that their government were discriminative against the French. The reason why I believe the rebellion in both Lower and Upper Canada was unsuccessful because they did not have any reasonable impact on any British colonies immediately.To begin with, the Rebellion in Upper Canada failed miserably because of their lack of military experience. Many rebellions were killed during battle and several were arrested. Some even fled to America, they were no match fo r the British. This rebellion would have been more successful if the Catholic Church participated but church leaders advised parishioners to stay loyal to the British. The rebellion in Lower Canada ended quickly. The rebellion in Upper Canada also did not turn out so good as well since the British military overpowered them.Even though Mackenzie, leader of the Upper Canada rebellion, took time to train his rebels and plan, the whole event all just led to deaths and arrest of many patriots. Mackenzie also escaped to America where he gained supporters there. In the end the British government continued to rule of Canada where they focused on discussing major punishment for the rebels. In my opinion, the leaders who led the rebellion of both Upper and Lower Canada were very similar. They could motivate emotions with words but they had no idea how to organize their supporters into affective forces.Eventually, Britain’s ways of administrating the colonies would have to change. John Lambton, the Earl of Durham, a reformer politician, realized the whole cause of the rebellion was the conflict between the English and French. He then proposed that Upper and Lower Canada should be united. In conclusion, the whole Rebellion was not successful as planned since the impact did not happen immediately but when Lower and Upper Canada was united it developed a new country. However, both leaders of the Rebellion returned to Canada eventually and were considered heroes by some and other as troublemakers.

Marketing Budget Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Budget Summary - Essay Example Going through the history of the events Panera has organized it can be approximated that the company will spend around 10 million in 2007. Panera operates a newsletter and website to increase the awareness about its products and services amongst the customers which are examples of the items that will come under publications. As the newsletter is based on a subscription model the expenditure on the newsletter is covered by the subscription fee. However the cost of maintenance of the website and its content and other publications items will require some additional expenditure in the future. Thus publications will require a spending of around can be approximated 1 million in 2007. As Panera's bakery products are its major market the marketing expenditure for that segment will be the highest in 2007, followed by caf products and then pantry products. Ideally the marketing budget should be based on the proportion of the product category wise sales. However, due to unavailability of such data these values have been derived based on judgment. Panera has a vast operation in 36 states. Having such a vast operation it must divide its marketing budget area wise as well. There are several ways for making a region wise division of the market budget.

Using Marketing Channels and Price to Create Value for Customers Essay

Using Marketing Channels and Price to Create Value for Customers - Essay Example This broadens the targeted customer base, and creates a new understanding of what the markets are all about. It opens up new avenues that provide the product with ideal marketing properties, hence reaching more clients within the shortest time possible. This also allows more clients to be aware of the products being sold, and have the right information (Kerin, 2012). Selective distribution is used to reach out to a majority of the clients (â€Å"Week 6 reading†). The targeting process allows the consumer to attain the level of growth required in sales and revenue. The work of the distributor is to understand the market and rally all the supply chains under its control to take up the product to the wholesaler (Hochbaum, 2011). This marketing gimmick entices the wholesaler to stock the product. The wholesaler takes up the product and convinces the retailers that it is a good way of meeting the changing client’s demands. It will be a boost to the retailer’s sales and revenue collection. The retailer recommends the products and ensures the clients come back for more. This makes it easy to reach out to more clients while at the same time providing new requirements to satisfy the needs of these clients (Kerin, 2012). The pricing strategies in place aim at maximizing the sales and the market share. By maximizing profits, it is possible to create efficient systems and effectively capture the required clientele bases. It opens up new methods of doing business while still earning the forecasted profits. By working on maximizing the market share, the company earns a better share of the clientele bases and captures more markets (Hochbaum, 2011). This allows more people to view the product and create a better way of involving all the people needed to attain these goals. The main strategy here is to use the odd-even pricing strategy (â€Å"Week 6 reading†). This approach allows clients to come and acquire products in bulk because of the

The BRICS Nations in International Business Research Paper

The BRICS Nations in International Business - Research Paper Example The paper tells that the emergence and importance of the BRICS in international business is a reality that for years had been underestimated. The BRICS nations have important roles to play in international business as players and partners. It is, however, paramount that we first understand the term BRICS, before we can give a detailed description of each country’s economy. The word BRICS is an acronym for the world’s largest and strongest emerging economies. These countries are Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. They are now considered as significant as other global players are and have consequently shifted economic status, from developing to emerging economies. This is because of the rapid and exponential growth that is witnessed in these economies, with statistics indicating that their contribution to the growth of the world’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) being very significant. In the past decade, the BRICS contributed to more than half of the wor ld’s growth in GDP. The population of these economies has also been singled out as a unique feature. These economies alone constitute half, or a little under half, of the world’s population. Analysts have however pointed to the fact that these economies rarely have anything in common. Their demographic compositions, governance styles, and type of economies, are all different. They may have one or two similarities in their economies but have very little in common. This is the beauty that has been associated with these economies, that despite having very little to share, they each have independently affected global business in ways that are not only noticeable but also strongly profound and significant. These impacts to international business include increased trade levels, increased funding of development or development financing, and donor funding, earlier only a preserve of the western countries. Having looked at the economies forming the BRICS in general, let us now examine them individually.

How closely management and leadership are connected for maintaining Essay

How closely management and leadership are connected for maintaining the normal flow of an organization - Essay Example The concepts management and leadership differ greatly in terms of organising people, but the two are closely linked as they both maintain the normal flow of the organization. They entail setting what needs to be acted upon, mobilize individuals to achieve a certain goal, and lastly ensure that individuals perform their duties. Leadership is often about setting a direction for individuals to follow, but on a complementary perspective management directs these individuals based on established principles or values. As stated by Lopez (2014) leadership involves realizing potential in oneself and others. Above all, managing has planning and budgeting, this means that managers create appropriate plans that will contribute to the success of the organization, and leaders ensure that they direct their followers to the right direction that will enable them to work towards achieving the goals of the organization. In addition, while managing deals with organizing and staffing to help in achieving organizational goals, this is as clarified by Ratcliffe (2013) â€Å"†¦ management is a set of processes that keep an organization functioning†. On the same note, leading is all about aligning individuals in a more effective manner in order to achieve the goals of the organization, this indicate how these two concepts aims at maintaining the normal flow of the organization. Furthermore, management and leadership are linked in ensuring that organizational activities flow normally is based on the nature of their functions. For instance, a leader creates the organizational vision and it is the manager’s duty to accomplish it (Gillikin, no date). Management is about establishing specific functions and assigning them to specific individuals. Moreover, it involves leading and regulating individuals and assisting them to move toward a common purpose in coordination. As clarified by Maccoby (2000 pp.57-59) â€Å"The functions of management include

Should Smoking Be Banned in Outdoor Public Parks Research Paper

Should Smoking Be Banned in Outdoor Public Parks - Research Paper Example Allowing smokers to smoke their cigar in public places will expose non-smokers to health problems. Tobacco smoking causes diseases such as lung cancer, respiratory problems among others (Chapman 162). It is unkind to expose an innocent victim to these health problems, yet the victim is not a member of the smoking club. Smokers may not see anything wrong with smoking in these public places, but it would an abuse of the rights of the non-smokers. Smoking in public places forces non-smokers to breathe the tobacco smoke. This habit irritates many people. Smokers should realize that many people suffer from various chronic conditions such as bronchitis, asthma among others. These conditions are sensitive to tobacco smoke thereby worsening their conditions. Public smoker creates a public nuisance because the smoke generated from his habit interferes with the normal activities of third parties. When an individual creates a public havoc, he is not different from a public smoker who directs his smoke to uninterested parties. Public smoking exposes young children to bad habits in the society. Children are not enlightened about the dangers of smoking. It is evident that children learn from what they see in the environment. When society allows people to smoke in public places, children will learn this habit. In addition, children are not able to distinguish between what the society perceive as bad or good. This calls for caution because the future depends on the present. The society must be able to teach children its values and their importance. Public places such as beaches, playgrounds attract many people. Young children are tempted to collect cigarette butts as some of their playing items in such places. This is very dangerous because it exposes the child to various microbes, which cause diseases. The mind of the child is different from the mind of an adult. Concerning this fact, the society must advocate for the safety of the children. No one can claim to be advocating  for children welfare when smokers loosely smoke in public places.

Mainland china culture oriented market Research Paper

Mainland china culture oriented market - Research Paper Example Essentially, the diversity in culture is among the core aspects significant while a company puts interest in the global market; moreover, most business researchers and leaders put a lot of focus on this factor, as it is a core determiner of where a company stands in the international market. In some countries such as China and Japan, people buy products basing on the perception of a group i.e. people buy foodstuffs putting into consideration every member of the family: however, in the US and UK people purchase things according to their own opinion or preference (Fernanda 2009). This is among the main factors causing the difference in market approach and market plan i.e. States in Asia prefer collective advertising while the United States concentrates on individual advertising. The main cypher that relates to how the culture impacts, is the language which most states consider to signify vanity and a legacy; however, there are other symbols that matter just as much but this is the basis of how an organization approaches a certain market. This research paper focuses on mainland China as an emerging market; moreover, it analyses the difference between China based companies and others from the west evaluating the market plans and approach for the two. Most corporations in China have developed over the years as their businesses plans, strategies continue to become more refined and leaning more to the culture; however, this poses as a challenge to the companies in the western countries (Sin 2004). Most of these corporations that try to enter the international market fail because they overlook the cultural differences in mainland China and the only way out is to understand the diversities and exploit them through new marketing strategies that will be the foundation of the overall success in these markets. In an exploration of the Chinese’ market approach, its essential that one compares the dissimilar kinds of corporations and organizations

Abortion Should Be Illegal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Abortion Should Be Illegal - Essay Example A woman's body is her personal sanctum. Once that sanctum is violated by a brutal act of sexual intercourse, the woman should have every right to â€Å"deal† with any problems arising from that encounter. Let's call it what it is, women should have the right to an abortion when she is raped. The modern day woman also fights for her right to control her body, rather than having a cultist sect or government control what she can and cannot do with her body. There are even a greater number of reasons that a sector of women in today's society support a woman's right to have legalized abortion. It is disturbing how all of the attention when it comes to abortion is cast solely upon the rights of women and what they believe to be their rights to their body. But what about the unborn child? The unborn child also has rights of his own. The minute he is conceived, the woman's body becomes his inner sanctum as much as his mother's. Why would a woman, even if she is impregnated by abusive sexual behavior, be willing to kill an innocent child who has yet to see the good that this world has to offer, even though his entry into it would be under less that acceptable circumstances? A child has the right to life and no woman, no mother to an unborn child, has the right to dictate who will and who won't be able to live the life that the universe has offered him. It is therefore my stand that this paper shall present evidence to prove the reasons as to why abortion should remain an illegal and criminal act. Let me start off this paper by immediately presenting the counter argument to my stance. Although there are a number of highly valid reasons to consider leaving the act of abortion an illegal activity, there are still a number of people who would rather have abortion declared legal. One of the reasons that a person would support abortion has to do with the existence of back-alley abortion clinics that do the procedures in a less than sanitized environment. Due to the lac k of government supervision, the woman puts her own health and life at risk when she goes to one of these clinics to have the fetus taken out. Government regulation would make the practice of abortion regulated and force the abortion doctors to adhere to a higher standard of practice than they currently have. As such the cost of abortions could also be lowered or, even better, the procedure might even be covered by health insurance under specific situations. If the unborn child is to enter this world under less than acceptable circumstances, as in the case of rape or incest, or any scenario wherein the child would be forced to live a life shunned by his mother and her family, then it would be in the best interest of that child to not be born at all. The abortion supporters say that babies born under violent sex circumstances do not feel the love of a parent growing up and therefore becomes a part of the criminal problem of our society. Rather than creating new state wards or problem s for the state, it would be in the child's best interest to never make an entry into our world. The aforementioned arguments are some of the most common that ends up being used by pro-abortionists. However, the most compelling argument that they use asks people to become de-sensitized to the act of abortion and consider the fetus nothing more than a lump of flesh or blood, a cyst if you will, in the body of a woman since there is no heartbeat in the fetus due to an undeveloped heart for a number of weeks. Thus having an abortion within that time frame does not make it murder since there is no heartbeat existing that would change the classification of the child from fetus to unborn child (â€Å"Should Abortion Be Banned (Except in Special Circumstances

New York Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

New York - Essay Example st celebrations of various generations of a family and the photographs that have been used in it have been digitally modified to look like the subjects of this portrait are sorrowful. Most of Gaicolea’s work shows a great deal of ambition because he combines so many different elements, which make his work unique. They tend to end up looking both mournful and magical but this outcome is not usually guaranteed because there are some pieces of his work, which have not turned out so well. In fact, some combinations Gaicolea has made evoke the feeling that they have been forced together and that it would have been better if the elements had been used separately. Despite the fact that his paintwork is quite well done and can even be said to be accomplished, Gaicolea’s photography is not very impressive and most of his photographs seem to have an awkwardness and ill composure that could only have been brought about by an attempt to blend reality with the imagined

An Analytical Response to the 1978 film, F. I. S. T. Essay Example for Free

An Analytical Response to the 1978 film, F. I. S. T. Essay The plot of the film basically revolve around the life of a worker who desperately seeks a better and a more comfortable life by working hard in a very low-paying job with a management who imposes very harsh and unjust rules and guidelines. The story also deals with the struggles of the workers to earn respect and the right and fair kind of treatment they deserve. The plot centers on the life and struggles of Johnny Kovac’s character which was played by Sylvester Stallone. The character was portrayed as a willful trucker who decided to join the Federation of Interstate Truckers (FIST) to fight and campaign for just treatments among all the country’s truckers like him (â€Å"F. I. S. T. 1987†). Through out the story, Kovac was challenged by a lot of more powerful individual since he was seen as a very strong threat to their deceptive intentions. He also received a lot of threats and physical tortures since he was actually fighting very powerful people. But despite all these challenges, Kovac was nevertheless able to prove that he is stronger than anyone who opposes his intentions to uplift the lives of simple truckers who just deserve fair treatment from their superiors. This was the major conflict and drive of the story. Kovac, as the main protagonist both serves as a hero and the base character of the story where all the other conflicts and highlights are based from. The story emphasized on Kovac’s principles and his efforts of fighting for their rights as truckers. Kovac and all the other characters in the story were portrayed to be simple and typical people with whom, viewers can easily empathize. However, his defeat and death at the end has put a rather distressing and saddening effect to the story. II. Issues The story was basically about the lives and struggles of truckers. Just like other workers, truckers have rights and privileges that they can demand from their superiors. However in this movie, the workers were rather treated unjustly by the management. They were given inadequate compensation and several unfair rules and regulations have been imposed on them. Kovac, as a trucker himself stood up and fought for his principles and afterwards fought for the influence of the labor union, FIST, which he became part of. The movie had a particular emphasis on the laborer’s rights and privileges. The unjust treatments to these workers portrayed in the film are one manifestation that in the real world, this undeserved treatment is also observable. Through the depiction of this issue it can be implied that some capitalist may really have been so fed up by their wealth that they forget that there are still other important things to consider aside from getting richer and this is the welfare of their workers. And because of this issue, the characters of the movie can be observed to seek for their rights and privileges in a rather aggressive way because of the unpleasant manner their company has used to treat them. The issues were basically about, (1) what implications can unjust treatment and deprivation of privileges causes workers; and (2) how well do labor unions actually help in eliminating the hostile relationships between workers and companies. And because this issue has been depicted to have taken all the patience of the workers, some of them have even developed stronger sense of selfishness and greed. Some also developed greed towards money. Kovac on the other hand became more and more obsessed of recruiting for member to join FIST since he wanted his mission and his intention to voice out the wants of the workers to be accomplished as early as he can. These implications may in some ways appear similar to the effects of unjust treatments to laborers people experience in real life. Just like in this film, people may indeed grow hostile and aggressive once their rights and privileges will be deprived of them. But nonetheless, if there is one lesson that this movie was able to send out, it is the fact that it is never just and acceptable to fight for one’s principle in destructive ways. III. Discussion In several ways, this movie appears to carry considerable significance to the real occurrences of unjust treatment among workers in the society. In real life, these incidents are undeniable that is why unions exist. However, the arguable thing is this movie is that Kovac and his other colleagues appeared to fight for what they believe in rather hostile and destructive ways which only made the situations worse. Aside from this, a lot of characters were also depicted to be deceived by wealth and power which made them turn their . backs to their moral perspectives. Thus, this can be considered as one of the moral threats unjust treatments can really cause an individual. In its entirety, the movie appears to be a total representation what goes on in a union and how its members fight for what they believe in. But what appears to be an upsetting and disturbing part of the story is the aggression and immorality which brought about . worse situations and events. IV. Opinion Truly, every person in this world deserved fair treatment as every person deserves equal rights and privileges as well. In a company, the relationship of the executive management to the workers can be considered very crucial. In order to form a pleasant relationship between these two, each party must respect and provide the deserved treatment and benefit of the other party. Because once this rule is broken, hostility might definitely spark which will eventually form an unpleasant relationship between the workers and the management. Personally, I think the movie had an interesting inspiration; however, the real message was not that effectively sent out to the viewers because of the distractions that came from all the unnecessary actions and violence portrayed in the film. But nonetheless, I see this film as a good depiction of how worse a situation may get once a worker’s rights and privileges be unjustly deprived from him or her. Works Cited â€Å"F. I. S. T. (1987): Plot Summary. † The Internet Movie Database. IMDb. com. (n. d. ). (14 May 2009). http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0077531/plotsummary. F. I. S. T. Dir: Norman Jewinson. Writer: Joe Eszterhas and Sylvester Stallone. Cast: Sylvester Stallone, Rod Steiger, Peter Boyle, Melinda Dillon, David Huffman, Kevin Conway and Tony Lo Bianco. Chateau Productions, 1987.

CMS Detector at the LHC: Calorimetry (EM, Had, Forward)

CMS Detector at the LHC: Calorimetry (EM, Had, Forward) CMS structure: Solenoid: Most particles are stopped by the detector except for few, such as muons, neutrino. Main difference between ATLAS and CMS is that CMS has solenoid on the outer layer, so it bends the trajectory of the muons again in an opposite direction (opposite pointing magnetic field). Depending on how much the trajectory is bent, we can deduce the momentum of the particle. Tracking system and both EM and Hadronic calorimeters fit inside the superconducting CMS solenoid, which generated Magnetic Field of 3.8 Tesla (100 000 that of the Earth). Tracking detector (measures momentum, charge, decay) – silicon detector is the inner most layer. The CMS tracker records the paths taken by charged (not neutral) particles by registering their positions at various key points. The tracker can detect the paths of high energy muons, electrons and hadrons, as well as tracks coming from decays of very short lived particles such as b quark used to study the differences between matter and antimatter. (WEB: http://cms.web.cern.ch/news/tracker-detector). The tracker is very lightweight and precise, so it has minimal effect on the paths the particles take. Each position measurement is accurate to 10 micrometers. The tracker material is selected to withstand high levels of radiation, since it is the inner most layer and so receives the highest volume of particles. CMS uses silicon strip sensors (detectors) in shape of rods, covering area of 206 sq.m. (wiki), adding up to 25000 silicon sensors. Also used silicon pixel detectors, which are in principle very similar to silicon strip sensors, but have a segmentation of pixel diodes instead of strip diodes. The 65 million pixels (each generating ~50 microwatts) are mounted on the cooling tubes form the 3 inner most layers. Silicon microstrip detectors then stretch out in a 130 cm combined radius barrel with inner and outer endcaps to close off the tracker. Calorimeter (an apparatus to measure energy of the particle AND particle identification) – scintillating crystal (EM calorimeter made of lead tungsten, a very dense material that produces light when hit), and then sampling calorimeter for hadrons. The ECAL is sandwiched inside the solenoid after the tracking system and before the HCAL. EM calorimeter is used to measure energies of electrons and photons, because they are likely to be produced in reactions for Higgs and other new physics. LHC collides bunches of high energy protons every 25 ns, so the calorimeter material is required to have very specific properties. PbWO4 – lead tungstate is the crystal of choice for the following reasons: 1. the material is high density and has heavy nuclei (explain why is this good); 2. the oxide crystal is transparent and scintillates, emits a small flash of light(well-defined photon bursts), when electron or photon pass through it. This means the calorimeter system is very precise an d very compact; 3.lead tungstate is relatively easy to manufacture from readily available raw materials. Each crystal is equipped with a photodetector (specially designed to work in a high radiation levels and strong magnetic field) that registers the scintillation light which is converted into an electric signal, amplified, and sent for analysis. The ECAL made in a barrel shape (to fit inside the solenoid, of course) with two flat endcaps (one closing off each side of the barrel). The barrel part consists of 36 supermodules, each containing 1700 crystals, adding up to 61,200 crystals in total. The endcaps are made up of almost 15000 crystals. There are 75,848 crystals in ECAL. Each crystal (volume 2.22.223 cm in the barrel; 3x3x22 cm in the endcaps) weights 1.5 kg, each crystal took 2 days to grow, in total it took 10 years to grow all crystals. The crystals were manufactured in Russia and China, where appropriate facilities already existed. Issues: The yield of light in the crystal depends strongly on temperature, so a sophisticated cooling system is required to keep the crystals at constant temperature. Also, the light signal needs to be converted into an electrical signal (via photodetectors) to be recorded, and since the initial signal is relatively weak, amplification is required. Photodetectors: Avalanche photodiodes (APD) for the barrel and vacuum phototriodes (VPT) for endcaps (because the radiation is too high to use silicon photodiodes), as these can operate in strong magnetic field and high radiation. Lead tungstate crystals (though fairly radiation resistant) suffer limited radiation damage – the crystal structure is disturbed, hence the optical transmission decreases. This effect is accounted for during the operation of the detector and appropriate corrections are included in the data analysis. The crystals are probed by light monitoring system to register the optical transmission. The radiation damag e can be reversed (anneal) when CMS is not operating. In room temperature the atoms within the crystal return to orderly positions. Each crystal is identified with a unique barcode, registered in a database, and measured (light transmission and scintillating properties in ACCOS machine). Cut to micrometer precision. Getting the material right was only one of the challenges for the ECAL team; each crystal had to be cut, machined, polished, tested and given a photodetector. Groups of crystals were then assembled side-by-side in glass-fibre or carbon-fibre â€Å"pockets† to form larger structures known as â€Å"supercrystals†, â€Å"modules† and â€Å"supermodules†. The crystals arent pure, but doped to improve their properties. Each crystal is cut and polished to a precise size, so that all pass the light the same way. There are 34 categories of crystal, 22 slightly different varieties of capsules with an attached photodetector. For barrel the crystals are first grouped into sub-modules: 10 crystals per lightweight glass fibre box. 40-50 sub-modules then make up a module, and 4 modules m ake up one of the 36 supermodules. Endcaps are constructed from 25 (55) crystal blocks, or supercrystals. Monitoring and cooling systems as well as final electronics are added to the supermodules before they are placed inside the experimental cavity. To ensure stable and equal operation of the crystals, the cooling system keeps all crystals within 0.1 oC of the optimum temperature. What is scintillation? Scintillation detectors are one of the most often used particle detection devices (Leo 157). Scintillators are made of specific materials that emit a flash of light when struck by a particle or radiation. The emitted light signal is amplified by photomultipliers and converted into an electrical signal which is then analysed. In ECAL electron or photon collides with the heavy nuclei of PbWO4, generating a shower of electrons, positrons and photons. These shower particles penetrate the scintillator further, colliding with more nuclei and producing more shower particles. Atomic electrons take fraction of energy from the passing particles and enter excited states. When they de-excite back into a ground state, the atomic electrons emit a photon of blue light, i.e. a scintillation. The blue light is picked up by photodetectors. The lead tungstate crystals produce a relatively low yield for each incoming particle, so the signal needs to be amplified. (transmitted to t he photomultiplier, converted into a weak current of photoelectrons, and further amplified by an electron multiplier system LEO 158). The total generated light signal is linearly proportional to the energy of the incident particle. Photodetectors? All photodetectors are glued to the crystals. Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs) are made of silicon with a strong electric field applied to them. Scintilation photons knock an electron out of an atom, and the electron accelerates in the E field, striking more electrons from silicon atoms. The latter also accelerate and knock out more electrons (the number increases exponentially), hence creating an avalanche. This method allows producing a high current in a short period of time. The amplified and digitized signal is transported away by fibre optics cables away from the radiation area for analysis. A different kind of photodetectors is used in the endcaps due to much higher radiation levels than in the barrel. Vacuum Phototrides (VPTs) contain three electrodes within a vacuum (hence the name). When the scintillating photon strikes atoms in the first electrode, released electrons accelerate towards the second electrode (positive anode) and knock out more electrons. The latter accelerate towards the third electrode (dynode with a higher electric potential than the anode) and again knock out more electrons. This method also produces a strong current form a weak light signal, which is carried away from the high radiation zone via optic fibre cables (what kind of optic fibre cables). http://cms.web.cern.ch/news/crystal-calorimeter The region in the endcaps must was designed to distinguish between closely spaced particle pairs (such as for example in case of a short lived neutral pion decaying into two closely spaced low energy photons that might be mistaken for one high energy photon from Higgs decay). A special ECAL preshower is located in the endcaps before the EM calorimeter crystals. It is the made of two lead panels followed by silicon sensors (6.3cm x 6.3cm x 0.3mm). Each silicon sensor is divided into 32 strips each 2mm wide. Compared to 3cm wide scintillator crystals the preshower sensor resolution is better (5% precise energy measurement Ph.Bolch). The photon passing through lead sheet produces a shower containing e e+ pairs which are measured by the silicon detector strips. The silicon detectors are kept at temperatures between -10 oC and -15 oC for optimal and long-term performance. The outside of the preshower is heated to temperatures of the ECAL, since the crystals performance Muon chamber, muon detectors which are inside the return yoke of the magnet (Track, muons identification). To identify muons and measure their momenta CMS uses three types of detectors: Drift tubes DT (in barrel position measurement), cathode strip chambers CSC (in endcaps position measurement), and resistive plate chambers RPC (in barrel and endcaps trigger). Energy measurement: calorimetry- by creation and total absorption of showers, either EM (light ammount) or hadronic (penetration depth). Social Work Provisions for the Elderly: History and Politics Social Work Provisions for the Elderly: History and Politics In this paper, I aim to discuss the historical and political context of social work provision for the elderly. By using and reviewing the views expressed in previous work on the elderly in our society, I hope to demonstrate the context in which social work and social care operate. One of the concerns of this essay is the impacts of discrimination and oppression on the elderly. I will discuss how listening to the views of service users is crucial to developing effective methods of providing social care. In the last two to three decades, a fairly wide body of academic work has become available, approaching the issues of ageing and of care for the elderly, within the discipline of Social Policy. Social Policy is an interdisciplinary field born from, and derived upon, other social sciences economics, politics, sociology etc. (Tinker:1992:3) Within this field, the specific discipline of gerontology the study of ageing has developed in recent decades because the elderly population has increased so sizeably in the last 50 years. Cherry Rowlings wrote in 1977 that while in 1951, just 13% of the British population was of retirement age, by 1977 this had increased to 17.3%. (Rowlings:1981:27) Since the 1970s we have seen this trend continue. This change can be attributed both to comparatively low birth rates, and the increased life expectancy. Businesses, the professions and the media are finding now that pensioners form one of their biggest markets. (Tinker: 1992: 3) Rather than using medical and biological models, social gerontology focuses on the ways in which social and cultural factors influence peoples experiences of growing older. Tinker writes that the elderly are unusual in that they have been labelled a special group in our society, and yet the only think that marks them out is their age unlike groups seen as deviant they are normal people and we all expect to join this group in time. (Tinker:1992:4) However, although not labelled deviant, the elderly have nonetheless been constructed as a problem, as Jacki Pritchard writes: An elderly person is thought to be of no use once they reach retirement age, probably because they are not seen to be producing anything for the society in which they live. They are considered to have had their life.' She notes that this differs from other cultures, in which capitalism is less advanced. (Pritchard:1992:16) And Nicholas Bosanquet has noted that the rate at which the elderly population is growing causes great anxiety in society. He cites Professor Sir Ferguson Anderson as saying in 1976, Britain faces social disaster because of the rate at which the proportion of elderly people is rising. (Bosanquet:1978:7) He goes on, The emphasis has come to be more and more on the elderly as a burden even as a threat to the standards of service or opportunity enjoyed by the rest of the population. (Bosanquet:1978:79) Changes in medicine have made illness and disability a problem particular to the elderly. Diseases that effected the young in previous centuries, have been controlled or wiped out in this country, and now children and young adults can expect to be in good health. Similarly, disability from birth is relatively rare; and blindness, deafness and mobility problems are impairments by far most commonly experienced by the elderly. (Bosanquet:1978:21) The medical model of disability has traditionally seen disability as naturally and inevitably arising out of a physical or mental impairment. The more contemporary social model, however, has argued against this, in saying that whilst a person may have a natural impairment, it is societys failure to accommodate people with this difference to the norm, which disables them. For example, though a person may be unable to walk and require the use of a wheelchair, this does not inevitably make their life so very different from the life of an able-bodied person. Rather, it is a lack of easy access to public buildings and transport, poor adaptations in housing and so on, which turn this impairment into a striking disability. In the case of elderly people, because ill health and disability is now so much restricted to the oldest generations, it is seen as natural and inevitable that older people will lead very different lives from younger adults, and that the quality of their lives will decrease. However, this can be seen as only a construction, as many of the problems faced by older people could be altered by changes in public provisions and social care. Bosanquet notes that mental health, most significantly depression, are as great a problem as physical health for the elderly. He writes that this is because the most important factors people attribute to their happiness at all stages of life, are ones which elderly people are least able to take for granted. These include: oHealth oFamily life/friends. The elderly will almost inevitably face bereavement, but also having decreased transport/mobility, and fewer places to go where they can meet and make friends, both increases their sense of isolation and decreases their independence. oFinancial/ home stability. The elderly live on pensions. The decrease in their health can lead to them losing their home. (Bosanquet: 1978:10) The elderly are increasingly separated from the rest of the population. They suffer great isolation. But policy has been seen only as pension policy. Nicholas Bosanquet argues that the Government needs to intervene not only when the elderly person has no relatives, but even in addition or instead of care from family. He stresses that policy must increase choice and opportunity, as the elderly find themselves unable to decide and control their own futures. (Bosanquet:1978:75-77) One of the most fundamental issues facing the elderly is the problem of housing. Bosanquet reports that since the 1970s, governments have been concerned with designing special flats for the elderly. These solve some housing problems and give people the opportunity to form small communities with others in their own age bracket. (Bosanquet:1978:92) He writes that this is not a new idea; in the Majority Report of the Royal Commission on the Poor Law I 1909, there is mention of special housing for the elderly. However, the views of what elderly people require from housing has been deeply flawed, due to a failure of policy makers to listen to the ideas of the elderly, about what they need in day to day life. After the Second World War, there was great interest in building small housing for the elderly. However, reports of the time did not view it as necessary to provide many special features or fittings for the elderly. The post-war Rowntree Report stated that bungalows were the preferable type of housing; two-story houses provided problems for pensioners with impaired mobility, and the elderly often did not like living in flats, as they were not considered private or independent enough. The report stated that houses for the elderly people must be built with easy access to local shops, close to the persons family and friends, and near housing for younger generations so that the elderly did not feel cut off from the rest of society. The report did state that flooring and any stairs in the property must be designed for safety and ease of manueverability. This would mean using non-slip materials on flooring, and ensuring that stairs were neither too steep or built around awkward angles. However, these precautions aside, there were no provisions made for wardens or for providing a safe environment for those with health problems. (Bosanquet:1978:95) Subsequently, between 1945 and the early 70s, a good number of small flats were built, but these were not reserved exclusively for pensioners and many housed younger adults. Very few were built with any special design features which would have made them safer and more convenient for the elderly. More recently the idea of sheltered accommodation has grown up, though many people see this simply as a compromise before the nursing home. (Bosanquet:1978:97) Bosanquet concludes that the elderly need schemes which help them find a new lifestyle and to decrease their sense of isolation. Luncheon clubs, good neighbour schemes, day centres and holiday schemes are essential provisions in his view. He believes that these services are more important than simply focusing on income support; however policy makers have tended to see this is a luxury, rather than one of the essentials of government spending plans.(Bosanquet:1978:97) He argues that services should increase their focus on the over 75s. Younger retired people are more likely to still be living with spouses and in their own homes. More years after retirement, however, and any savings the person may have had will likely have run out, and pensions become increasingly inadequate whilst the cost of living actually increases, as for example the elderly person needs to spend more on maintaining their health, in heating bills and medicine/doctors fees. (Bosanquet:1978:124) While this and many other books on the subject of elderly people outline the historical, political and economic factors in pensioners lives, they do not all cite the opinions of elderly service users themselves. Very often social policy and research is based on accounts given by social workers, or by representatives of a vulnerable group for example the families of children or in this case elderly people. To address this, Jacki Pritchards book The Abuse of Elderly People includes a great deal of anecdotal evidence and transcriptions of interviews with elderly people. By focusing on cases of actual abuse, the book may appear to be dealing with an extreme aspect of poor care for the elderly it may not be expected that abuse is a concern of the majority of older people. However, the principles of the book are useful as it outlines some of the ways in which older people are discriminated against, and how many of their needs and interests are oppressed. Pritchard is keen to stress the d ifferent areas in which elderly people may be abused 1. Physical, which includes medical maltreatment and neglect. 2. Psychological abuse, including threats of abuse, humiliation, harassment, emotional neglect and threats of any kind of abuse. 3. Legal abuse, including material and personal exploitation. (Pritchard:1992:21) Elderly people are not always given othe right to choose othe right to privacy othe right to independence. Pritchard considers it vital that if a person is mentally sound, and chooses to stay with their family even when the professional considers the family to be abusive, then the social carer must do no more than offer the elderly person support and inform them of their options. However, of course, there are different standards over what is mentally sound, and even what to do if someone is not. She is also keen to point out the difference in practices between the various professions involved in an elderly persons life. Very often, the policies of the doctors, care home nurses, and social workers arein direct conflict, and the normal policies of one may seem unacceptable to another. Subsequently, what is important returns to ensuring the rights listed above are honoured, and judgement of whether or not this is done can be made only by the elderly persons own experience. (Pritchard:1992:25) Pritchard reports that carers are more likely to become abusive, when they themselves are denied adequate support. The carers sense of isolation, their resentment towards the tasks they undertake, and their lack of external support, leads to an increase in abusive behaviour towards the elderly person being cared for. As a common sense measure, therefore, policy must be adapted to provide support and respite for carers, in the interests of all parties involved. (Pritchard:1992:33) In conclusion, it has been seen that many of the problems that elderly people face could be significantly diminished by improvements in social care. Rather than being natural effects of ageing, these problems are more frequently caused by discrimination in society against older people. As society has placed most significance on the needs of younger adults, there have not been adequate provisions made for the elderly for housing, health care and social integration. In response to these needs, social work needs to take steps to reduce the oppression of older people. This will involve maximising elderly peoples ability to make independent choices in their lives, and to enjoy the same standard of life as younger adults. Above all, social workers and researchers should listen to service users as they explain what services they need. Bosanquet, Nicholas (1978) A Future for Old Age: Towards a New Society. Temple Smith: London. Pritchard, Jacki (1992) The Abuse of Elderly People: A Handbook for Professionals. Jessica Kingsley Publishing: London. Rowlings, Cherry (1981) Social Work with Elderly People. Harper Collins: London. Tinker, Anthea (1992) Elderly People In Modern Society, Third Edition. Longman: London and New York.

Investigation in Acoustics of Wine Glasses

Investigation in Acoustics of Wine Glasses Introduction Resonance is extremely important in engineering and structural design. It directly relates to the way buildings, bridges and other structures sway with disturbance. In the case of wine glasses used in the Glass Harmonica invented in 1761 by Benjamin Franklin, varying the amount of water contained within the glass will vary the resonant frequency of the glass.[1] The purpose of the task is to investigate how frequency varies as height of water increases in a range of wine glass diameters before making recommendations regarding the ideal height and diameter for a given frequency. Collection of data is not a simple task as the height of water must be measured under great scrutiny and the wave produced needs to be constant in order to accurately record frequency. However, alterations have been made to the design of the experimental setup and will account for error through these avenues. For example, volume of water will be increased in increments and the heights measured as increasing volume is easier than increasing height. Once the collection and processing of data has been completed, recommendations can be made about the use, manufacture and efficiency of the Glass Harmonica. Essentially, the aim of the investigation is to scrutinize the Glass Harmonica and make recommendations about other structures through extrapolation. Background Theory A.P. French’s Formula While the Glass Harmonica is not the most commonly played instruments, the physics behind the way it works has been investigated a number of times. A journal paper describing the resonance on wineglasses was written by the late A.P. French, a Ph. D. and former President of the American Association of Physics Teachers.[2] In the paper, French derived a general formula for how the frequency of a singing wineglass could vary with the volume of water in the glass.[3] While French’s general formula was derived to describe the behaviour of ideal cylindrical glasses, it was found that any type of glass would approximately fit the formula. The formula is shown below: Resonant Frequency The main factor at play in the experimental investigation is resonant frequency. According to The Physics Classroom, â€Å"resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate with greater amplitude at some frequencies than at others.†[4] The system’s resonant frequency is the frequency where the system demonstrates its relative maximum amplitude, that is, the system exhibits greatest oscillation.[5] Figure 1 illustrates the resonant frequency of a general system. When its rim is rubbed by a moistened finger, the glass emits its resonant frequency. This is due to the crystals in the glass vibrating together which leads to one clear tone. As water is added to the glass, its resonant frequency changes. Resonance is important on a bigger scale than just the use of the Glass Harmonica. It relates to the way structures and other man-made objects oscillate in the outside world. For example, the Takoma Narrows Suspension Bridge in Washington collapsed due to wind that was gusting at the exact resonant frequency of the bridge.[6] Furthermore, acoustic resonance is important for instrument builders, as many instruments use resonators, for example, strings on a guitar, the length of a tube and the tension on a drum membrane. ‘Slip-Stick Effect’ The slip-stick phenomenon is defined as â€Å"the spontaneous jerking motion that can occur while two objects are sliding over each other.†[7] The friction between two surfaces leads to a ‘stick’ effect. The ‘stick’ effect is due to the applied force not being great enough to overcome the friction. However, as the force applied becomes greater, one of the surfaces begins to ‘slip’. When the surface ‘slips’, the force applied increases the second surface’s velocity. As the velocity increases, the frictional force increases too, until the frictional force is greater than that of the force applied, leading to another ‘stick’. The process continues and is named the ‘slip-stick effect’. The constant frictional jerking of the finger on the rim of the wine glass causes vibrations within the wall of the glass, leading to the oscillation of the glass and essentially, the tone produced. How does the glass vibrate? The glass begins to vibrate in a very special way when affected by the slip-stick phenomenon. When a moistened finger rubs along the glass, the rim begins oscillating into an elliptical shape due to its relatively elastic nature. Figure 2 portrays an exaggeration of the deformation of the rim of the glass. The rim’s shape oscillates between the two elliptical shapes shown several hundred times per second, producing an audible tone. Hypothesis In context of the investigation to be undertaken, it is hypothesised that as height of water increases in each of the three glasses, the frequency produced by each of the glasses will fall. The glass that can contain the greatest volume of water will reduce the least over the course of the experiment. Additionally, both other glasses will have a greater rate of frequency decrease. Under test conditions, it is predicted that as the glasses get fuller, the frequency reduction will become greater as the stem of the glass supports the glass, hindering it from vibrating as much. Correlation Using French’s formula, a linear relationship can be established between the frequency produced and the height of water: The value has been substituted into the equation as is built up of a number of constants representing the density of liquid, density of glass and glass thickness. Thus, plotting the following as and should present a linear relationship: Graphing the above equation should present a value as gradient. Ideal Graphs Ideally, the graphs should be as depicted below: The graph on the left depicts the reduction in frequency as height of water increases. The frequency slowly decreases in the first part before rapidly diminishing as height increases. The graph on the right has been manipulated using the raw data into a straight-line graph. Its gradient is the value. Method Clear the area and prepare the test glass and all other equipment used in experimentation. Place test glass flush on the desk before adopting silence in the room. Moisten index finger and begin softly rubbing the rim of the glass. Continue rubbing the rim of the glass until a standing wave appears. Begin recording sound in the room for a period of 10 seconds. If the standing wave is lost before the end of 10 seconds, stop the recording, delete the recording and repeat the procedure. If the standing wave continues, stop the recording at 10 seconds and stop rubbing the rim of the glass. Open the ANALYSE drop-down menu and select PLOT SPECTRUM. Trace along the graph until the peak is reached and record the frequency of the peak. Close the spectrum and delete the recording. Repeat 3 times. Measure out 20ml of water in a surgical syringe and add this liquid to the glass. Repeat the method outlined above. The setup of the experiment is pictured below: Results The results of the experiment are tabulated below: Raw Data Analysis Frequency Reduction (Hz) Glass 1 Glass 2 Glass 3 Linear Relationship Graphs Glass 1 Glass 2 Glass 3 ‘-Value’ for Different Glasses Error Analysis There are three forms of error in this experiment: Straight line error Measurement error Expected error Straight Line Error Measurement Error Measurement error can be calculated using the smallest division of every piece of equipment used to measure values. These are presented below: Vernier: 0.01mm Audacity’s Frequency Spectrum: 0.5 Hz Syringe: Negligible as the volume increments are not factored into the French’s formula Substituting various values into a rearranged version of French’s formula will find the various amounts of measurement error in each trial. The calculations are available below: Formula Glass 1 Therefore, measurement error is 0.52 Hz Glass 2 Therefore, measurement error is 0.52 Hz Glass 3 Therefore, measurement error is 0.52 Hz Expected Error Expected error can be found by substituting the value for various glasses into the manipulated formula used for the measurement error. The result of graphing this is the expected frequency decrease curve. The graphs are presented below: Glass 1 Glass 2 Glass 3 Average Difference Throughout the Duration of the Experiment Maximum Difference Discussion Interpretation of Results According to the results, the previously formulated hypothesis was proven correct. This is true since the frequency produced by each of the glasses fell as the height of water in each of the three glasses increased. Furthermore, Glass 2, which has the greatest capacity, also followed suit as it had the least frequency reduction. Moreover, stem of the glass acted as an excellent support for each of the glasses, ensuring that the raw graphed data followed a similar pattern to that expected. Another noteworthy trend was that the taller glass with the smallest capacity and radius had the greatest reduction in frequency. On the other hand, the shortest glass has the most stable and predictable decrease. Following French’s formula, justification can be made as to why the values didn’t increase as height of glass increased. The values of each of the glasses is made up of the following: Where the only variable factors between glasses are , radius of the glass and , thickness of the glass at water level. Thus, as increases, as with Glass 2, the value increases too. Naturally, as decreases, as with Glass 3, the value increases. Glass 3 had a higher value than Glass 1 simply due to the thin nature of the glass. Furthermore, Glass 2 had the highest value due to its large radius and almost spherical shape. While it was not a part of this experimental investigation at all, it must be noted that the glass with the greatest value produced the loudest sound, that is, the wave with the greatest amplitude. An interesting observation can be made through linking the nature of the glass, the value and the amplitude of the sound wave produced. As the glass becomes thinner and rounder, the value increases, which in turn, leads to a louder sound being produced. While the results obtained from the experiment are as were hypothesized, the outcome for the overall investigation is not as straightforward. The varied frequency decrease in the three glasses indicates which would be the most efficient in a Glass Harmonica with limited glasses. The dissimilarity also shows which glass would be able to play a specific small range more precisely than others. There are distinct advantages/disadvantages regarding high/low frequency reduction. The main advantage of the greater variation in frequency is that one can play a whole range of notes with only a few of the same type of glass. Additionally, the primary disadvantage of a great frequency decrease is that subtle changes in frequency cannot be easily made. A method of eliminating this disadvantage is simply using glasses that have a slower frequency reduction, such as Glass 2. However, this has its own advantages and disadvantages. The key advantage is that more specific notes in a small range can be played. Nevertheless, a disadvantage of this is that a large number of glasses need to be used, to play each specific note. In the real world, when a Glass Harmonica is used, a whole range of glasses are used due to the fact that more precise notes can be played in a while range of frequencies. This is what makes these instruments so expensive. Usually, the higher notes are played using thinner glasses and lower, deeper notes are played using rounder, wider glasses. Comparison with Expected Results The results obtained from conducting the experimental investigation are slightly deviant from those expected. It was expected that the values of the various glasses would be ordered the same way as the retention of frequency, and in the following order, from greatest to smallest frequency retention: The results obtained are divergent from these and follow the pattern as shown below: However, when comparing the data collected to the expected data, there is a trend on all the graphs as they all begin almost exactly on par with the expected results. Glass 3 had the greatest amount of difference from the expected graph. On average, every frequency measured was 32.25 Hz above or below the value it should have been at. In addition, Glass 2 began on par wuth the expected curve before reducing frequency slightly slower than expected. Nevertheless, the graphs were most consistent in both the beginning and end of each glass. As visible on the all three of the â€Å"difference in frequency† graphs, the true data began and ended almost exactly equal to the expected values. While results obtained were fairly accurate, the maximum difference between the expected values and true data in the three glasses was 68.04 Hz. Mistakes, Uncertainties, Errors While the investigation undertaken does not blatantly show evidence of any significant mistakes/errors, there are certainly a number of anomalies. For example, Glass 3 had a greater value than Glass 1 even though it has a minute radius. The values of the various glasses differ by only a small amount and the reduction of frequency differ by a fairly large amount. Both these must be duly noted. When analysing the raw data, there is a distinct anomalistic middle of all 3 of them. This is a clear indication of a large error caused by either measuring incorrectly each glass was further tested or simple inconsistencies in the peaks of Audacity’s frequency spectrum. Regardless, this error in all 3 experiments caused a deviance from the trendline. Unfortunately, it was not possible to avoid the influence of this error as values had to be calculated using those sections of data. There are a number of errors, caused by the method, which could have influenced the results. Firstly, when measuring the values of height of water and height of glass through the Vernier, there existed a chance of parallax error as the readings may be slightly deviant from the true values. Secondly, increasing volume of water instead of height of water for ease of measurement may not have had the correct effect and it may have been easier to simply measure heights in standard increments. Lastly, the standing wave may have broken at points, leading to the peaks of the frequency spectrum having an effect on the validity of the results, for example, the raw data and it’s difference to the expected data wou

The Healing Power of Reiki Essay -- Religion, Spirituality

Reiki is a Japan based healing secret that is rapidly recognized worldwide. In early 1900s, Mikao Usui discovered the surreptitious of reiki while he was isolating himself at Mount Kurama in Japan. Afterwards, the healing art of reiki has been scattered over the world as the reiki practitioners are escalating abruptly. In fact, numerous cultures all over the world believe that there are concealed energy flows through all creatures that are connected to the quality of life ever since ancient times. Reiki utilizes specific technique for rejuvenating and balancing the natural life force energy within the body. Reiki symbols have specific frequency that specialize certain condition to sanction the flow of energy throughout the body. The colour and shape of each symbol signify the frequency and amplitude of the energy. The healing power of reiki can be verified by the existence of first degree of reiki and second degree of reiki as well as enhancing the results of medical therapy. In the beginning, the Reiki practitioner must learn and master the first degree of Reiki or the first stage of Reiki. First degree of Reiki enables poise energy for healing one’s self, others, plants and animal. According to Jentoft (2000), first degree Reiki is activated by the intention that is you intend or spiritually command it to run. This has become feasible after the practitioner receives reiju also known as denju or instigation. In other words, reiju is the part where the practitioner is assisted to the Reiki energy. The practitioner will be taught various hand positions and methods for administering Reiki on the self and others. These hand positions and methods are crucial in order for the practitioners to heal themselves and others. Barrett (n.d... ...energy. We hope this kind of medication will develope more and be well-known to others as a trusted kind of therapy to heal and augment our physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual components. Works Cited Barrett, S.(n.d). Reiki Is Nonsense. Retrieved 2011, December 8 from http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/reiki.html. Cougar, P.(n.d). The Usui System of natural healing. Retrieved 2011, December 8 from http://www.dpierce.com/pat/. Herron, D.(n.d). The Reiki Attunement process. Retrieved 2011, December 8 from http://reiki.7gen.com. International Center for Reiki Training Web site, (n.d). Experiencing Reiki. Retrieved 2011, December 8 from http://www.reiki.org/. Jentoft, P.L.(2000). Usui Reiki contemporary and traditional methods level one manual. Retrieved 2011, December 8 from http://pjentoft.com/Reikione-manual.html.

Misconceptions about Satanism :: Non-Christian Religions Satan

Misconceptions about Satanism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most religions like Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam have well defined meanings, one exception is Satanism. Most people have their own definition for Satanism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some people feel that non-Christian religions and all Christian denominations other than their own are forms of Satanism. This would imply that all Buddhists, Hindus, Moslems, and Jews. In fact at least 75% of the world's population would be Satanists.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Others feel that all religions other than Judaism or Christianity are inspired by Satan and thus are forms of Satanism. This would still leave the vast majority of people in the world being Satanists.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Large numbers of people feel that a wide variety of unrelated, benign religions (such as Santeria and other Caribbean religions, Druidism, New Age, Wicca, ect.) are forms of Satanism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Such definitions create great confusion. The following are recommended terms and descriptions for four essentially unrelated religions that have been called Satanism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first is Religious Satanism, This faith includes the recognition of Satan either as a deity or as a principle. Three main denominations exist: the Church of Satan, the Temple of Set, and the Church of Satanic Liberation. Other short lived Satanic groups currently exist and have existed in the recent past. According to Statistic Canada, the 1991 census found 335 Canadians who identified themselves as Satanists. The actual Number is probably significantly larger. A United States Department of the Army pamphlet #165-13 "RELIGIOUS REQUIREMENTS AND PRACTICES OF CERTAIN SELECTED GROUPS - A HANDBOOK FOR CHAPLAINS" (1978 - April) estimated that there were 10 to 20 thousand members of the Church of Satan in the United States. Accurate data is impossible to estimate, since the largest group (The Church of Satan) does not release its membership totals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is important to realize that the Satan they recognize has few if any point s of similarity with the Christian concept of Satan. The Satanists' concept of Satan is pre-Christian, and derived from the Pagan image of power, virility, sexuality and sensuality. To most Satanists, Satan is a force of nature, not a living quasi-deity. Their Satan has nothing to do with Hell, demons, pitchforks or profound evil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The image of Satanism spawned by Christianity is called Gothic Satanism. It is an imaginary and profoundly evil religion that was invented during the late Middle Ages. Concepts included ritual killing of children, selling their soul to the devil, breaking crucifixes, conducting black masses, ect. It has never existed in the past, and does not exist today, except in the imagination of the public.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another form of Satanism is Teen Satanism: A syncretistic religion which is a blend of Religious Satanism, Gothic Satanism, ceremonial magick, and any

Chlamydial Infection :: essays research papers

Chlamydia Chlamydial infection is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the United States today. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that more than 4 million new cases occur each year. The highest rates of chlamydial infection are in 15 to 19-year old adolescents regardless of demographics or location. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a serious complication of chlamydial infection, has emerged as a major cause of infertility among women of childbearing age. Chlamydial infection is caused by a bacterium, Chlamydial trachomatis, and can be transmitted during vaginal, oral, or anal sexual contact with an infected partner. A pregnant woman may pass the infection to her newborn during delivery, with subsequent neonatal eye infection or pneumonia. The annual cost of chlamydial infection is estimated to exceed $2 billion. SYMPTOMS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most chlamydial infections are silent, causing no symptoms. However, men and women with Chlamydia may experience abnormal genital discharge or pain during urination. These early symptoms may be mild. If symptoms occur, they usually appear within one or three weeks after exposure. Two of every three infected women and one or two of every four infected men have no symptoms whatsoever. As a result, often the disease may not be diagnosed and treated until complications develop.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Doctors estimate that, in women, one third of the chlamydial infections result in PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease). Often these infections are not diagnosed until PID or other complications develop. In men, rarely, chlamydial infections may lead to pain or swelling in the scrotal area, which is a sign of epididymitis, an inflammation of a part of the male reproductive system located in the testicles. Left untreated, this condition, like PID in women, can cause infertility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chlamydia can cause proctitis (inflamed rectum) and conjunctivitis (inflammation of the lining of the eye). The bacteria also have been found in the throat as a result of oral sexual contact with an infected partner. In tropical climates, a particular strain of C. trachomatis causes an STD called lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), which is characterized by prominent swelling and inflammation of the lymph nodes in the groin. Complications may follow if LGV is not treated; this infection is very rare in the United States. DIAGNOSIS:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chlamydial Infection can easily be confused with gonorrhea because the symptoms of both diseases are similar; in some populations they occur together. The most reliable way to diagnose chlamydial infection is for a clinician to send a sample of secretions from the patient’s genital area to a laboratory that will look for the organism using one of a wide variety of quick and inexpensive laboratory tests.

“Horses of the Night” by Margaret Laurence Essay

-â€Å"I detested the fact that I was so young† -Chris creates his own fantasy world (ranch, racing horses etc.) He tries to sell magazines, vacuum cleaners even when he knows he won’t make it to university. He can’t face reality. Also, when there is conflict he ignores it and it seems like he doesn’t even notice it. He holds a fantasy in his mind that seems real to him -In Shallow Creek, when Vanessa sees the horses is when we are aware that Chris is living in a world of delusions. -Chris’ fantasy world is his only refuge from potential insanity because without it, he would have no hope for life -Vanessa worries that she is incapable of saying the right thing when they go camping and Chris talks about God and the Stars. â€Å"pretending to be asleep† (pg.22) -Chris doesn’t respond when his grandfather talks about him, he sets a barrier between his own world and reality. -His world consists of his horses, saddle, criss-cross, own ranch. He has control of everything in his world so it only applies to him -The line slowly, slowly horses of the night means Chris disappears into insanity and that he can’t see day and night. Means the night must move slow for Chris and â€Å"Whether he had discovered at last a way for himself to make the necessary dream perpetual† (pg.24) -Chris views God as ridiculous and brutal. He doesn’t believe in God. Vanessa doesn’t respond, so maybe she does believe in God and doesn’t want to tell Chris her views. The circumstances for their views might be the fact that Chris’ family lives in poverty while Vanessa is better off a little bit. Vanessa is scared of talking/saying the wrong things -It reveals that he had a mental breakdown and that he is lost in his fantasy world. He no longer lives in his own world (Chris’ letter) -Vanessa learns that the letter from Chris is the final thing that tells her he is lost and the letter confirmed why he did unrealistic things. She understands why he had a fantasy world. -excess of imagination harmful -he has control of his own fantasy world horses Duchess and Firefly. But in reality they are plough horses. -barrier between person and the real world when a person dreams too much -he communicates and plays with younger children because he has control and they make no judgements about him. -sells vacuum cleaners, magazines and knitting machines to university but he doesn’t have the marks to get in. -without his fantasy world he would have no hope for life. -Chris takes his life to escape the â€Å"absolute unbearability of battle†

Management and Employment Relations

The history of management is being traced with difficulties and it is only seen as a modern conceptualization. This difficulty contributes to its ideally possiveness nature. In premodern past context it is traceable back to Sumerian traders and builders of the pyramids of ancient Egypt. Full exploitation and motivation of slaves faced problems. Many pre-industrial enterprises in their small-scale nature were never compelled to face issues of management. With increased scale of commercial operations devoid of mechanized record keeping and recording, management functions were unavailable. Management as an act involves the process of directing and controlling a group of people for purposes of achieving coordination and harmony of the group towards attaining a goal, which is far beyond the scope of individual efforts. Potential human resources, financial resources, technological resources and natural resources are deployed and manipulated through management[1]. The possibility of personifying the act of management also exists whereby the person or a team of persons performing this act is or are referred to as management and has to do with power by its nature and position. Functionally, management entails the art of getting things done through people: action of weighing a quantity on regular basis and adjusting the initial plan and the action taken to reach the overall intended goal. The functions and roles of management therefore entail planning, organizing, leading or motivating and controlling or coordinating all resources in the working place[2]. Management falls under the following categories: human resource management, operations or production management, strategic management, financial management and information technology management.   Human resource management carries the grater weight in employment relations. Its importance is seen in understanding and developing its context concept, to assess and explain its impact on organizational performance and employment well being and to contribute to the dissemination of good practice. The role of management in employment relations can be explained by the context of communication in the work place. Employees must be treated with applicable laws and regulations of the countries and regions in which it operates. Communications between management and employees is essential in conveying management policies to employees and encouraging employees to voice their options[3]. This impacts the active rather than passive agency role of the management being the representative of the employer. These concepts are of vital importance in employment cycle. Employment in this context refers to the contract between two parties one being the employer and the other one the employee. The employee refers to a person in the service of another. Under any contract of hirer express or applied, oral or written where the employer has the power or right to control and direct the employee in the material details of how the work is to be performed[4]. In a profit oriented setting the aim of the employer is creation of valued produces at reasonable cost, and providing rewarding employment opportunities for employees. In unprofit setting the ultimate goal is to keep faith of the donors. Other areas of employment include the public and household sectors. It is in view of this harmony that the active role of the management should be felt in any working environment. Communication between management as the employers’ representative and employees should show shared responsibilities called co-determinations. There are specific areas of concern and address during the discussion between the two parties they include; pay of wages, bonuses, the work environment, disputes, work schedules, grievances, health and safety, working hours and production targets. The aim of these discussions is an achievement of a more harmonious working relationship sometimes-major employment relations dispute may arise. Whenever problems start to arise in a company a successful management-employment relations involve striking a balance in nearly all situations. The employer has the right to manage that is the ability to plan for the future so that the company can continue moving to make profits and to keep employees motivated. Form the employees’ viewpoint best possible conditions must be secured and good living standards made not a dream. High labour turnover, bad time keeping, high levels of absenteeism, slackness of individuals, poor working, deliberate time working in similar practices are evident in situations where employees are unhappy with the working conditions[5]. Other evidences of discontent will be revealed in complain, friction, ignoring rules and apathy for unappropriate management system to gain the intended meaning must strive to attain the following qualifications: attraction of the most qualified employees and matching them to the jobs for which there are best suited since this is significant for the success of any organization[6]. However, there arises some technical problems in many large enterprises due to their size this aspect of too large size of an enterprise deter possible close contact between top management and employees this connection is otherwise provided for by human resource managers training managers and labour relations managers. In an effort to enhance immorality and productivity while limiting job turnover, helping organization increase performance and improve business results they are of vital help to the organization they also help the firms effectively in using employees skills, provide training and development opportunities, improve those skills and improve employees satisfaction with their jobs and working conditions. Dealing with people through physical interaction is an important part of the job although some jobs in the human resources field require only limited contact between the people outside the office. The importance of management in employment relations on an active capacity is further highlighted through creation of labour unions and its incorporation in the constitution in the name of labour laws. This has been evident in all regions countries and states all over the world for the purpose of improving the quality of working life for individuals and creates condition for business success. Employers, employees and unions must deal with one another in an honest and open atmosphere. This in essence bears results such as follows: promotion of good employment relation and cultivations of mutual respect and confidence between employers, employees and unions. It also sets the environment for individual and collective employment relationships. It also sets out requirements for the negotiation and content of collective and individual employment agreements. It also provides prompt and flexible options for resolving problems in employment relations. There are a number of undiresable trade union action such as withdrawal of good will, go slow, working strictly to the rules set out in work rule books and sticking rigidly to only doing tasks set out clearly in a job description, refusing to work overtime, going on a strike and many others[7]. All this actions reduce companies’ profitability and its ability and fulfill orders, they harm employment prospects, reduce wages of employees they lead to festering discontent and cause problems for customers and economy as a whole. This is a practical scenario in the current working places and it reflects negative picture of interaction in the working places. It is therefore, very important to create a harmonious working environment for the benefit all the concerned. Good practices and models of a harmonious working practice should be exhibited in a true structure of employment relation. In an effort in building trust as a manager it is paramount to display the following characteristics: keeping promises, have ethics, telling people the truth, being fair and honest, treating employees as adults while showing appreciation for their ideas and for the work they do, involve employees in planning and problems solving, give employees important work and support them to implement. In an effort to achieve a successful structure of management – employment relations’ labour or employment laws have been enacted. Labour laws Labors laws also known as employment laws refers elaborately to a body of administrative ruling and prescient which focuses to address the legal rights and restriction on the working people and their organizations and as such it mediates may aspects of the relationships between trade unions, employers and employees. They are in some countries restricted to ununionized work places, as is the case in Canada. But in most other countries no such restrictions is made. Two broad categories of labour laws exist; collective labour law which relates to tripartite relationship between employee employer and union. Individual labour law concerns employees’ rights at work and through the contract for work[8]. Employment laws include all areas of the employer employee relationship except the negotiation process covered by labour law and collective bargaining. It consists thousands of federal and state statues, administration regulation and judicial decision.   Most of these laws such as minimum wage regulation were enacted as protective labour legislation. The functioning and origins of labour laws is oriented towards strikes, pickets, boycotts, unofficial industrial action Labour laws in Australia The federal parliament in Australia is empowered by the constitution to make laws concerning conciliation and arbitration for the settlement and prevention of industrial disputes extending beyond the limit of any one state. The laws made with respect to trading and financial corporations fall within the limits of the commonwealth and foreign corporations. Industrial relations systems and wages setting have been enhanced by this system also known as work choice, which came into operation in 2006[9]. Work choices legislation act in Australia The most comprehensive shakeups of industrial relations since federation were the results of the successful introduction and passing of work choices legislation in Australia in December 2005[10]. The industrial and employment circulars underwent permanent and long-term changes. These changes are explained in the following dimension: federal systems of industrial relations were successful and completely replaced with the unitary system of industrial relations: an emphasis on Australian economy away from the wages and conditions; transitional arrangement and changes to Awards and Agreements; awards were reduced drastically, Australia Fair Pay Commission was set up with the main aim of determination of minimum wages and conditions of employees, the powers of Australian Industrial Relation Commission were greatly reduced to an extent of being rendered redundant, flexible work practices were introduced and the ability to cash out some benefits such as annual leave[11]. The consequences were some problems with work place health and safety application; new dismissal provision which were less straightforward as they may have been trumpeted. New transmission of business rules that is buying and selling business plus all the people incorporated in the business. Union restriction and the scrapping the no disadvantage test. All these changes brought about complexity and consequently bearing some effects on businesses along the following orientations. Small business holders were subjected to the understanding of the broader concepts of employer obligations to the employees applicable to their unique business situation.   The employers take great care before taking a step towards termination of an employee’s service. Great care, advice and consultation became a prerequisite since the work place legislations empowered the employees to claim compensation against unlawful dismissal and discrimination. These laws applied to the especially small business with as less as a hundred employees and therefore constitute the retail in Australia. The workforce legislation in Australia further favoured these minority employees in the retail industry in a sense that the cost of defending discrimination and dismissal claim by the employer is dramatically higher than the unfair dismissal itself. In conclusion; the changing of the awards and agreements provided for by the work choice legislation added a layer of complexity to the businesses which extended upto the end of the transitional face which extended up to five years. An investor intending to buy a business was supposed to be ready for the transmission of business changes and the business owner had to grapple to the new layer of complexity. References Catanzariti, J. & Baragwanath, M. 1997. Workplace Relations Act: A User-friendly Guide. Manly, NSW, Newsletter Information Services. Cranny, C., Smith, P. & Stone, E. 1992. Job Satisfaction. New York: Lexington. Creighton, B. & Stewart, A. 1994. Labour Law – An Introduction. 2nd Ed. Leichhardt, NSW. Federation Press. Guite, T. 1999. Strategic Human Resource Management. 3rd Ed. McMillan Publishers. London. Lee, M. & Sheldon, P. (eds.). 1997. Workplace Relations, Workplace Law & Employment Relations. Sidney. Botterworths. Mullins, L. 2005. Management and Organizational Behaviour. 7th Ed. Harlow. Prentice-Hall. Nilson, C. 2003. How to Manage Training: A Guide to Design and Delivery for High Performance. 3rd Ed. New York. Amacom. Pocock, Barbara & Masterman-Smith, Helen. 2005. Work Choices and Women Workers. Journal of Australian Political Economy No.56. Teicher, J., Lambert, R. & O’Rourke, A. (eds.). 2006. Work Choices: The New Industrial Relations Agenda. Sidney, NSW: Pearson Education Australia. Walter, J. 2006. Strategic Management. Theory: An Integrated Approach. McMillan Publishing Ltd.          [1] Walter, J. 2006. Strategic Management. Theory: An Integrated Approach. McMillan Publishing Ltd. PP.70-73. [2] Nilson, C. 2003. How to Manage Training: A Guide to Design and Delivery for High Performance. 3rd Ed. New York. Amacom. PP.103. [3] Mullins, L. 2005. Management and Organizational Behaviour. 7th Ed. Harlow. Prentice-Hall. PP.51-58. [4] Catanzariti, J. & Baragwanath, M. 1997. Workplace Relations Act: A User-friendly Guide. Manly, NSW, Newsletter Information Services. PP.17. [5] Guite, T. 1999. Strategic Human Resource Management. 3rd Ed. McMillan Publishers. London. PP.41-43. [6] Cranny, C., Smith, P. & Stone, E. 1992. Job Satisfaction. New York: Lexington. PP.31-34. [7] Lee, M. & Sheldon, P. (eds.). 1997. Workplace Relations, Workplace Law & Employment Relations. Sidney. Botterworths. PP.27-37. [8] Creighton, B. & Stewart, A. 1994. Labour Law – An Introduction. 2nd Ed. Leichhardt, NSW. Federation Press. PP.9-16. [9] Teicher, J., Lambert, R. & O’Rourke, A. (e ds.). 2006. Work Choices: The New Industrial Relations Agenda. Sidney, NSW: Pearson Education Australia. PP.103-125. [10] Pocock, Barbara & Masterman-Smith, Helen. 2005. Work Choices and Women Workers. Journal of Australian Political Economy No.56. PP.124-143. [11] Teicher, J., Lambert, R. & O’Rourke, A. (eds.). 2006. Work Choices: The New Industrial Relations Agenda. Sidney, NSW: Pearson Education Australia. PP.103-125.   

Porter Generic Strategies on Indian Automobile Induatry Essay

PORTER’S GENERIC COMPETITIVE STRATEGY Automobile Sector MARUTHI: Low Cost Product – Differentiated service Product Pricing: Maruthi build high walls of safety against competition by its very competitive pricing i.e. pricing as low as possible for the particular product. Maruthi has also been a company that has strived for sustainable development with their â€Å"three R† framework standing for â€Å"reduce, recycle, reuse† in its plants, so that there is a minimal stress on resources emphasizing on low cost while retaining their promise to the customer. Maruthi Product – Target Market – Pricing As important for low cost provider they are also backed by huge economies of scale as depicted below; Customer Service: In the other hand maruthi has been sought by people for its distribution and service availability across the length and breadth of the nation. â€Å"Yes, you can get lost in India, but chances are there will be a Maruti Suzuki Service Station close at hand. Wherever you go, across the length and breadth of this vast nation, our service network follows.† boasts maruthi relying on its widest service network servicing more than 40,000 cars a day. Maruthi has been No.1 in the J D Power Customer Satisfaction Award for a staggering 13 years in a row. It’s a survey that rates the after-sales service experience, one that no other global car market leader has won even once. Source:Maruthi.co.in TATA: COST LEADERSHIP Tata motors is a part of the conglomerate TATA and their focus is to provide cost effective solution to their customers going in line with their mission of â€Å"To be passionate in anticipating and providing the best vehicles and experiences that excite our customers globally.† Source: Tatamotors.com Focusing on values like Integrity, Accountability, Innovation, Passion for excellence with their focus to provide low cost solution ranging from TATA flag mark product NANO. The following picture gives the price list for the cars, Source: Car pricedhekho.com Their economies of scale are one of the highest in the industry signifying the low cost in production also reuse and less emphasis on design features and these coupled with their unique processing of fixing reverse methodology of pricing the product first and thereby innovating and designing so as to fit the price makes them the leader in providing low cost solutions reaching out the customers. TATA also boasts it service network being wide and reachable in almost all corners of the nation but their main focus and strive is on providing low cost solutions. MAHINDRA: DIFFERENTIATION (BLUE OCEAN STRATEGY) Mahindra & Mahindra (M&M) manufactures utility vehicles (UVs), tractors, commercial vehicles (CVs), three-wheelers and gensets. Mahindra was the first mover when it comes to utility vehicles in India and has an indomitable market and place in customer mind when their focus is on performance under optimal price. It is India’s market leader in UVs and tractors and In land, Mahindra has dominant share in all its segments – | Source: SIAM, Company Data, Credit Suisse estimates| Mahindra earns a competitive advantage via a combination of a tractor and UV business in India which face very little or no competition. Mahindra brought in SUV’s in Indian market focusing on raw power and performance with the launch of Bolero and the launch of Scorpio has proven to be a game-changer for the company and has help it transform its image from a people-mover to luxury SUV manufacturer followed by launch of its most-awaited XUV 500 dominating the SUV category with its differentiated products. All this was keenly observed by famous strategist and thinker Mr. C K Prahlad and named the whole milieu as â€Å"FORTRESS MAHINDRA†. Fortress Mahindra means that if you go into a certain mobility business where you can share procurement, where you can share research and development synergies, where you can share logistics, where you can share brand, you can share channel and then create a mobility web where it becomes easier to enter a  mobility business that somebod y else can’t and easier to defend when somebody tries to emulate. Source: Business Today

Northern Lights by Philip Pullman Essay

How is tension created in the extract and how does it make the reader feel for Lyra? In northern light Philip Pullman takes the reader on an exciting journey which has unexpected conclusions that catch their imagination. Suspense is built up throughout as Lyra’s life is in danger. The story outlines the feelings of Lyra as she goes on the thrilling voyage. Philip Pullman has created imagery by using adjective and adverbs to give it life. In the extract tension is created and Lyra’s feelings have been expressed as she worries for Roger. The extract shows the reader a bit about Lyra’s personality. â€Å"En’t you heard of the Gobblers?† This shows that she is not well educated as her English is not correct. â€Å"†They en’t real, Gobblers. Just a story.†Ã¢â‚¬ They are!†Lyra said†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Suddenly she felt very afraid. Pantalaimon as a fierce lion, sprang in her arms and growled† In these lines Philip Pullman expresses Lyra’s character; she is portrayed as someone that wants her own way and does not like it if someone argues against her. She also can be violent seeing that she got very aggressive when she heard the bad news and pantalaimon turned into a lion. â€Å"And then something else had hit her heart: where was Roger!† This sentence is very powerful as the short sentence make the reader feel as if they were Lyra. â€Å"In Mrs Coulter’s flat, everything was pretty. It was full of light†¦. and the walls were covered in delicate gold and white striped wall paper†¦. it seemed to Lyra’s innocent eye, with pretty little china boxes and shepherdesses and harlequins of porcelain.† Phillip Pullman portrays Mrs Coulter as a very nice typical lady. He represents her flat by creating a picture of a clean, open and bright place. Lyra will not suspect a thing as she seems so nice and friendly. Pullman has created a lot of tension as the audience will be worried for Lyra and what Mrs Coulter will do to her. Page 72 and the extract together create an extra special touch to the novel because they create a great deal of suspense. Lyra is being convinced by Mrs Coulter to be her partner on the journey she is going on however Lyra has no realized that she is the one that is kidnapping the children. In the story before Lyra is telling her friends about someone who eats children and at that point the audience will be pulled into the story but they don’t know if Lyra will be caught by her. As the story continues Lyra meets Mrs Coulter who is the kidnapper. Now the tension really builds. â€Å"Mrs Coulter said â€Å"So Lyra I’m to have an assistant, am I† â€Å"Yes† said Lyra simply† Now that Lyra will be assisting Mrs Coulter the audience will start to worry for Lyra. Philip Pullman uses tension very effectively as he has created suspense right from start to the end as Lyra faces many problems. He has even used imagery to portray the mystical world. He has portrayed Lyra’s character very effectively as the reader know now what her personality is like. The reader gets an understanding of how Lyra’s life has been up until now. Overall the story is a nice one because the reader goes through an adventure including sadness and happiness.